Betamiloide

Il peptide betamiloide, o β-amiloide, () è il maggior costituente delle placche amiloidi (o senili) ed ha origine dalla proteina APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein) in un processo a due stadi.

Descrizione

APP è una proteina di membrana codificata da un gene situato sul cromosoma 21, la cui funzione è quella di promuovere la crescita cellulare. Più specificamente, è una proteina transmembrana con un estremo N-terminale (ammino-terminale) extracellulare ed uno C-terminale (carbossi-terminale) citoplasmatico. È espressa in diversi tipi di cellule, in particolare nel cervello, nel cuore, nella milza e nei reni. Ne sono state fino ad ora identificate almeno 10 isoforme derivate da splicing alternativo; le tre più comuni sono chiamate C (presente soprattutto nei neuroni), B (comune nei linfociti T) ed A, e sono composte rispettivamente da 695, 751 e 770 aminoacidi.

Normalmente l'APP viene tagliata da due proteasi:

  • alfa-secretasi (taglia il precursore in corrispondenza dell'amminoacido 697;
  • gamma-secretasi, che attraverso la proteina presenilina taglia la parte residua all'interno della membrana (nel dominio C-terminale) a livello degli AA 711/713.

ottenendo un prodotto di clivaggio innocuo, chiamato P3.

Se però nel clivaggio di APP interviene in una fase inopportuna la proteasi β-secretasi (BACE, Beta-Site APP-Cleaving Enzyme), che si adopera nel cleavage del dominio extracellulare N-terminale di APP, vengono prodotti due frammenti da 42 e 40 amminoacidi. Di questi, quello da 42 amminoacidi è amiloidogenico.

La produzione anomala di β-amiloide come oligomero è la causa di molte malattie neurodegenerative; infatti, sono state identificate un certo numero di mutazioni localizzate sul gene APP in soggetti appartenenti a famiglie nelle quali la malattia di Alzheimer si manifestava con frequenza insolita in età relativamente precoce (early-onset). Come monomero è invece un fattore fisiologico e protettivo che potenzia la plasticità sinaptica. Queste mutazioni aumentano la produzione di Aβ-42, che porta all'aggregazione fibrillare tossica per i neuroni. Le mutazioni del gene APP sono responsabili per il 2-3% dei casi di Alzheimer a trasmissione familiare.

Secondo alcune ricerche, un elevato livello di β-amiloide si verifica dopo diversi periodi di privazione del sonno, ma questi livelli calano nuovamente a seguito di un corretto riposo.[1]

Malattia di Alzheimer

Uno dei parametri predittivi per la diagnosi della malattia di Alzheimer è un aumento del tasso di proteina β-amiloide (Aβ-42) nel liquido cefalo-rachidiano.

Un eccesso di concentrazione nel sangue precede la formazione di placche a livello cerebrale. Esso può essere diagnosticato con 17 anni di anticipo rispetto al manifestarsi dei primi sintomi neurologici dell'Alzheimer, insieme alla presenza della proteina fibrillare acida della glia nel sangue.[2]

Note

  1. ^ Jae-Eun Kang, Miranda M. Lim, Randall J. Bateman, James J. Lee, Liam P. Smyth, John R. Cirrito, Nobuhiro Fujiki, Seiji Nishino, and David M. Holtzman., Amyloid-β Dynamics are Regulated by Orexin and the Sleep-Wake Cycle, su ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, DOI:10.1126/science.1180962.
  2. ^ (EN) Università della Ruhr a Bochum, New Device Can Detect Alzheimer’s 17 Years in Advance, su SciTech Daily, 5 settembre 2022, DOI:10.1002/alz.12745. URL consultato il 12 settembre 2022.

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