Théorie des deux facteurs

Schéma illustrant la théorie des deux facteurs de Herzberg.

La théorie des deux facteurs, développée dans les années 1950 par le psychologue Frederick Herzberg[1], décrit deux ensembles de facteurs distincts qui, dans le monde du travail, contribuent indépendamment, d'une part à la satisfaction au travail (facteurs dits « motivants » ou « valorisants ») et, d'autre part, à l'insatisfaction au travail (facteurs dits « d'ambiance » ou « d'hygiène »). Ainsi, dans ce cadre théorique, le contraire de la satisfaction n'est pas l'insatisfaction mais l'absence de satisfaction (et vice versa, le contraire de l'insatisfaction est l'absence d'insatisfaction). Il est donc possible pour un employé d'être à la fois satisfait et insatisfait dans son travail.

Détails

Herzberg tente de repérer les éléments facteurs de satisfaction et d'insatisfaction au travail. Il en décèle deux types[2] :

  • Les facteurs d'ambiance - hygiène (bruit, chaleur, salaire, statut, relations humaines...) : Ils sont relatifs aux conditions de travail et doivent avoir un niveau de base. Si les conditions sont en dessous de ce niveau minimal, le travail s'en ressent, mais la productivité n'est pas influencée à la hausse si les conditions de travail sont supérieures au niveau de base. Ces conditions doivent être remplies pour ne pas générer d'insatisfaction.
  • Les facteurs valorisants - motivation (évolution de carrière, responsabilités, autonomie...) : ceux-ci correspondent dans une certaine mesure aux besoins supérieurs de la hiérarchie des besoins de Maslow. Ils sont intrinsèques au travail et relèvent de l'épanouissement de l'individu. Une fois les facteurs d'hygiène assurés, les facteurs de motivation peuvent être remplis pour générer de la satisfaction.

A l'appui de sa théorie, Herzberg présentait un grand nombre d'arguments issus d'observations concrètes mais depuis, cette théorie a reçu différentes critiques[3], en particulier de l'idée centrale que les dimensions satisfactions et insatisfactions seraient réellement indépendantes[3], laquelle serait en partie la une conséquence méthodologique qu'Herzberg a largement utilisé la méthode des incidents critiques.

Références

  1. (de) Frederick Herzberg, Bernard Mausner et Barbara B Synderman, The motivation to work, Wiley, (ISBN 978-0-471-37389-6, OCLC 264992924, lire en ligne).
  2. (en) Dr. Serhat Kurt, « Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory: Two-Factor », sur educationlibrary.org,
  3. a et b (en) Nathan King, « Clarification and evaluation of the two-factor theory of job satisfaction. », Psychological Bulletin, vol. 74, no 1,‎ , p. 18–31 (ISSN 1939-1455 et 0033-2909, DOI 10.1037/h0029444, lire en ligne, consulté le ).

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