De nombreux pays ont inscrit le viol conjugal dans le droit pénal. Au fil de l'histoire et jusque dans les années 1970, la plupart des États accordent à l'époux le droit d'avoir des rapports sexuels avec son épouse chaque fois qu'il le souhaite, dans le cadre du contrat de mariage. Toutefois, au XXe siècle et surtout dans les années 1970, des groupes militant pour les droits des femmes démarrent le Mouvement contre le viol(en) et revendiquent le droit à disposer librement de leurs corps, y compris dans le mariage[1],[2]. Ces droits étant de plus en plus largement reconnus[1],[2], le viol conjugal est progressivement inscrit dans le droit pénal : en 2019, 150 pays l'ont criminalisé. Dans certains cas, le viol conjugal est expressément criminalisé dans d'autres cas, la législation n'établit pas de distinction selon que le viol est perpétré par le conjoint ou par une autre personne[2]. Dans quelques pays, c'est la jurisprudence qui conduit à criminaliser le viol conjugal[1]. En revanche, dans plusieurs États, la notion même de viol conjugal n'existe pas[3],[1]:48. Toutefois, dans quelques-uns des pays où le viol conjugal n'est pas réprimé en soi, comme en Malaisie, un époux peut être condamné s'il commet des violences contre son épouse en cherchant un rapport sexuel avec elle[4].
Législations
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D'après les données 2018 de la Banque mondiale[5] La loi EVAW criminalise 22 types de violence contre les femmes, dont le viol, les coups, le mariage forcé, les humiliations, l'intimidation, la privation d'héritage. Selon la loi le viol n'inclut pas le viol conjugal[6].
↑ abc et dMelanie Randall, Jennifer Koshan et Patricia Nyaundi, The Right to Say No: Marital Rape and Law Reform in Canada, Ghana, Kenya and Malawi, Bloomsbury Publishing, (ISBN9781782258612, lire en ligne), p. 57
↑ ab et cSylvia Walby, Stopping rape: Towards a comprehensive policy, Bristol, Policy Press, (ISBN9781447351566, lire en ligne), p. 123
↑Virginia Chieffo Raguin et Sarah Stanbury, Women's Space: Patronage, Place, and Gender in the Medieval Church, New York, SUNY Press, (ISBN9780791463659, lire en ligne), p. 58
↑Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, « Andorra, Section 6. § Women », sur Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017, U.S. Department of State, (consulté le )
↑ abcd et eStacy-Ann Elvy, « A Postcolonial Theory of Spousal Rape: The [sic] and Beyond », Michigan Journal of Gender and Law, vol. 22, no 1, , p. 94 (lire en ligne, consulté le )
↑ ab et cJennifer Temkin, Rape and the legal process, Oxford New York, Oxford University Press, , 2nd éd. (ISBN9780198763543), « Defining and redefining rape », p. 86
↑Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, « Austria, Section 6. § Women », sur Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017, U.S. Department of State, (consulté le )
↑Amber Peterman, Tia Palermo et Caryn Bredenkamp, « Estimates and Determinants of Sexual Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo », American Journal of Public Health, vol. 101, no 6, , p. 1060–1067 (ISSN0090-0036, PMID21566049, PMCID3093289, DOI10.2105/AJPH.2010.300070)
↑(en) Cuba Business and Investment Opportunities Yearbook Volume 1 Strategic, Practical Information and Opportunities, Lulu.com, (ISBN9781438776552, lire en ligne), p. 55
↑ a et b"In the sexual offences legislation of Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, and South Africa, rape within marriage is illegal." Karen Stefiszyn, A Brief Overview of Recent Developments in Sexual Offences Legislation in Southern Africa, UN. Expert Group Meeting on good practices in legislation on violence against women., , p. 4
↑Amanda Klasing, « A chance for Congress to help Haitian women », sur Human Rights Watch, (consulté le ) : « The penal code includes penalties for rape but does not address marital rape. »
↑Rita James Simon, A comparative perspective on major social problems, Lexington Books, (ISBN978-0-7391-0248-0), p. 25
↑Peter Foster, « India outlaws wife-beating and marital rape », The Telegraph, (lire en ligne, consulté le )
↑ a et bR Amy Elman, Sexual subordination and state intervention: comparing Sweden and the United States, Berghahn Books, (ISBN978-1-57181-071-7), p. 90
↑The first criminal law code in Soviet Russia differed from Tsarist law on rape: "although the Tsarist law explicitly excluded marital rape, the Soviet law code of 1922 did not." Wilma Rule, Russian women in politics and society, Greenwood Publishing Group, (ISBN978-0-313-29363-4), p. 160 Marital rape was explicitly included in the 1960 code.
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