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Zoogocho Zapotec
Zoogocho Zapotec, or Diža'xon,[2] is a Zapotec language of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is spoken in San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Oaxaca, Santa María Yalina, Tabehua, and Oaxaca City.[1] As of 2013, about 1,500 "Zoogochenses" live in Los Angeles, California. Classes are held in the MacArthur Park neighborhood to preserve the Zoogocho Zapotec language.[3] The language is also known as Tabehua, Yalina, Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, and Zoogocho.[4] PhonologyVowels
There are a total of five vowels in San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec.[5] The vowel /u/ only appears in loanwords.[5] Phonation types include: VV, VhV, V'. VV stands for double vowels that are pronounced with creaky voice, vowels with an /h/ between them are pronounced with breathy voice and vowels such as V' are checked vowels. [5] TonesTones include high, mid, low, rising and falling. [5] Lower tonal qualities are seen more commonly in breathy tones, while checked vowels have a higher tone quality. [5] Although it's common for breathy to have a lower tones and checked vowels commonly have higher tones, this is considered a distinct phenomenon and tone can't be predicted based on phonation types. [5] Example: yáhà 'weapon’ StressIn Zoogocho Zapotec, stress is most commonly found on the penultimate syllable of a stem.[5] In words consisting of two roots, the stress (accent) will fall on the second root.[5] Example: niihe 'nixtamal'; yeten 'the tortilla' Syllable StructureSyllables are created according to the pattern (C)CV(V)(C)(C). Vowels in a syllable may carry any phonation type. [5] Consonants
A few sounds also occur in loanwords from Spanish: /f/, /ɾ/, /ɲ/, /x/, /r/, /ɲ/, and /x/. [5] MorphologyNominal MorphologyNominal means to be categorized in a group of nouns and adjectives, the morphology occurs in a noun phrase. (1) x-migw=a' POSS-friend=1SG 'my friend' (2) x-kuzh POSS-pig lalo lalo 'Lalo’s pig' PossessionPossession is indicated by placing the possessor or possessive pronoun after the item possessed (Inherent possession is the items being possessed) which is marked prenominally with prefix x-, the possessed nominal then is developed by a pronominal clitic or noun phrase. [5] Pronominal CliticOr noun phrase is pronounced like an affix. Clitics play a syntactic role at the phrase level. Verbal MorphologyNo tense in this language. Zoogocho Zapotec relies on 'temporal particles' za, ba, na, gxe, or neghe. Primary AspectEvents that are still occurring, occurred, or will occur over a period of time. The continuative aspect of the examples is dx-. (13) dx-e-ban-e' CONT-FREQ-wake=3F yogo every zhaha day 'She wakes up every day.' The completive aspect is usually marked as b-, gw-, gud-, or g-. This aspect reflects the completion of the event occurred. (18) b-e-ban=e' COMP-FREQ-wake=3F 'She used to wake up.' The potential aspect refers to an event that has not yet happened or an event that has not been specified. This aspect is marked by gu- or gw-. (22) gw-e-ban=e' POT-FREQ-wake=3F 'She will wake up.' (23) dx-bez=a’ CONT-hope=1SG w-aow POT-eat bidao child yeth tortilla 'I hope the kid eats the tortilla.' The stative aspect is referred to as the prefix n- or by nothing at all. This aspect has multiple uses, such as, expressing the states and conditions and habitual meaning. (28) m-ban=a' STAT-live=1SG 'I am alive.' (29) kuzh pig la FOC n-dxe=be' STAT-carry=3SG.INF ke? no 'He’s carrying a pig, right?' (30) nake how gud-itgh=le COMP-play=2PL kate when n-ak=le STAT-be=2PL bidao=na' child=DET 'How did you all use to play when you were children?' (31) Maria Maria n-ak-dx=e' HAB-be-more=3F benhe person zxen large ka than xoan Juan 'Maria is larger than Juan.'[5]
OrthographyDillawalhall Zapotec Alphabeta, b, ch, chh, d, e, f, g, i, j, k, l, ll, lh, m, n, nh, o, p, r, rh, s, sh, t, u, w, x, xh, y, z.[5] VowelsVowels are as follows.[5]
ConsonantsConsonants are as follows.[5]
SyntaxSentence StructureZoogocho Zapotec normally uses the Verb–Subject–Object sentence structure. It is also possible to form Object–Verb–Subject or Subject–Verb–Object sentences.
Noun PhrasesAdjective-Noun Order: The ordering of adjectives and nouns. When asked to cite adjectives in isolation, native speakers will invariably put da, the inanimate classifier, in front of the adjective. Da is used as an inanimate classifier, bi is a classifier for small things and be is an animate classifier. These three classifiers can be used in sentences when agreeing with the head noun. Plural MarkersKa can be used to mark a plural noun. Plural markers are not always present in plural noun phrases, and plurality can also be inferred from context or from verbal marking. DemonstrativesDemonstratives follow their nouns, and either appear by themselves or with a classifier. DeterminersThe determiner is a clitic which has three main variants; en', which occurs following a non-nasal consonant, na' which occurs after noun phrases ending in /n/ or /n̥/, and n or na' which occur in free variation after vowels. Determiners occur at the end of a noun phrase. References
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