Volvation

Caecosphaeroma burgundum: two of three pillbugs have curled themselves into "pills"

Volvation (from Latin volvere "roll", and the suffix -(a)tion; sometimes called enrolment or conglobation), is a defensive behavior in certain animals, in which the animal rolls its own body into a ball, presenting only the hardest parts of its integument (the animal's "armor"), or its spines to predators.

Among mammals, vertebrates like pangolins (Manidae) and hedgehogs (Erinaceidae) exhibit the ability to conglobate.[1] Armadillos in the genus Tolypeutes (South American three-banded armadillos) are able to roll into a defensive ball; however the nine-banded armadillo and other species have too many plates.[2]

Earthworms may volvate during periods of extreme heat or drought.

Among pill millipedes, volvation is both a protection against external threats and against dehydration.[3]

Woodlice or pillbugs (Armadillidae) curl themselves into "pills" not only for defense, but also to conserve moisture while resting or sleeping, because they must keep their pseudotrachaea ("gills") wet. Volvation is particularly well evolved in subterranean isopods, but only Caecosphaeroma burgundum is able to roll up into a hermetic sphere without any outward projections, and thus "approaches perfection in volvation".[4]

Multi-shelled chitons also volvate, although evidence suggests that they do not use this behavior as an anti-predatory defense but rather as a form of locomotion.[1]

In vertebrates, an animal's decision to volvate is mediated by the periaqueductal gray region.[5]

Gallery

• Examples of species that practice volvation:
• 
  The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus).
• 
  The Southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus).
• 
  An Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) defending itself against Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica).
• 
  Two lesser hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi).
• 
  Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) curling into a ball.

• 
  The ball python (Python regius) curls into a ball when stressed or frightened.
• 
  The armadillo girdled lizard (Ouroborus cataphractus).
• 
  The common pillbug (Armadillidium vulgare) is named after the pill it resembles when curled up.
• 
  Phacops rana, a trilobite from the Devonian period.
• 
  Tachypodoiulus niger, a millipede, with legs on the inside and head in the center.

• 
  Stages of a pill millipede (Glomeris marginata) unrolling.

See also

• Rotating locomotion in living systems

References

1. Sigwart JD, Vermeij GJ, Hoyer P (October 2019). "Why do chitons curl into a ball?". Biology Letters. 15 (10): 20190429. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0429. PMC 6832185. PMID 31573429.
2. "VOLVATION : Définition de VOLVATION" (in French). National Centre for Textual and Lexical Resources [fr]. Retrieved April 24, 2020..
3. Gobat JM, Aragno M, Matthey W (2010). Le sol vivant : bases de pédologie, biologie des sols (in French). Vol. 14 de Gérer l'environnement. PPUR Presses polytechniques. p. 817. ISBN 9782880747183. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
4. Marvillet C (1976). "Les adaptations à la volvation du squelette externe de la tête chez Caecosphaeroma burgundum Dollfus, Crustacé Isopode des eaux souterraines". International Journal of Speleology. 8 (4): 331–358. doi:10.5038/1827-806X.8.4.3. Retrieved April 22, 2020. (Article has English abstract.)
5. Feinberg TE, Mallatt JM (2018). Consciousness Demystified. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 50–51. ...the affective region called the periaqueductal gray signals the motor panic actions of fleeting, curling one's body into a ball for protection, sweating, and so on.