Trithemis

Trithemis
Trithemis annulata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Odonata
Infraorder:	Anisoptera
Family:	Libellulidae
Subfamily:	Trithemistinae
Genus:	Trithemis Brauer, 1868

Trithemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae. They are commonly known as dropwings. There are over 40 species, mainly from Africa; two are endemic to Madagascar, and five can be found in Asia.[1] They are found in a wide variety of habitats; some species being adapted to permanent streams in forests, and others being capable of breeding in temporary pools in deserts.[2]

Species

The genus contains the following species:[3]

Male	Female	Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
		Trithemis aconita Lieftinck, 1969	monkshood dropwing,[4] halfshade dropwing[1]	Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi
		Trithemis aenea Pinhey, 1961	bronze dropwing[1]	Western and Central Africa.
		Trithemis aequalis Lieftinck, 1969	swamp dropwing[1]	Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia.
		Trithemis africana (Brauer, 1867)	western phantom dropwing[5]	Western and Central Africa, in Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire.
		Trithemis annulata (Palisot de Beauvois, 1807)	violet dropwing,[4][6] violet-marked darter[7]	Africa, in the Middle East, in the Arabian Peninsula and southern Europe.
		Trithemis anomala Pinhey, 1955	striped dropwing[1]	Zambia
		Trithemis arteriosa (Burmeister, 1839)	red-veined dropwing[4]	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mayotte, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia,Zimbabwe, Crete, Cyprus, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestinian Territory, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
		Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)	crimson marsh glider[8]	Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
		Trithemis basitincta Ris, 1912		Angola, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone
		Trithemis bifida Pinhey, 1970	shadow dropwing[1]	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Tanzania.
		Trithemis bredoi Fraser, 1953	river dropwing[1]	Gondokoro, Sudan
		Trithemis brydeni Pinhey, 1970	percher-like dropwing[1]	Botswana and Zambia.
		Trithemis congolica Pinhey, 1970	Congo dropwing[1]	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon
		Trithemis dejouxi Pinhey, 1978	stonewash dropwing[1]	Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Republic of Guinea
		Trithemis dichroa Karsch, 1893	small dropwing,[9] black dropwing[1]	Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.
		Trithemis donaldsoni (Calvert, 1899)	denim dropwing[4]	Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
		Trithemis dorsalis (Rambur, 1842)	round-hook dropwing,[4] highland dropwing[1]	Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Malawi
		Trithemis ellenbeckii Förster, 1906	Ethiopian dropwing[1]	Ethiopia.
		Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)	indigo dropwing,[6] black stream glider[8]	Greece, Cyprus and Turkey, throughout Asia to New Guinea
		Trithemis fumosa Pinhey, 1962		Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon
		Trithemis furva Karsch, 1899	navy dropwing[4]	Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
		Trithemis grouti Pinhey, 1961	black dropwing,[10] dark dropwing[1]	Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia.
		Trithemis hartwigi Pinhey, 1970	superb dropwing[1]	Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.
		Trithemis hecate Ris, 1912	silhouette dropwing,[4] hecate dropwing[11]	Botswana, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi.
		Trithemis hinnula Dijkstra, Mézière & Kipping, 2015	mule dropwing[12]	Gabon
		Trithemis imitata Pinhey, 1961	copycat dropwing[1]	Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda.
		Trithemis integra Dijkstra, 2007	Albertine dropwing[1]	Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Uganda
		Trithemis kalula Kirby, 1900	pretty dropwing[1]	Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinee-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Republic of Guinea, Sierra Leone
		Trithemis kirbyi Selys, 1891	orange-winged dropwing,[6] Kirby's dropwing[4]	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinee-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
		Trithemis legrandi Dijkstra, Mézière & Kipping, 2015[12]	robust dropwing[12]	Cameroon, Gabon
		Trithemis lilacina Förster, 1899		Indonesia
		Trithemis longistyla (Fraser, 1953)		Democratic Republic of the Congo
		Trithemis monardi Ris, 1931	Monard's dropwing,[13] fluttering dropwing[1]	Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
		Trithemis morrisoni Damm & Hadrys, 2009	rapids dropwing[1]	Namibia, Zambia
		Trithemis nigra Longfield, 1936		São Tomé and Príncipe
		Trithemis nuptialis Karsch, 1894	hairy-legged dropwing[14]	Angola, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
		Trithemis osvaldae d'Andrea & Carfi, 1997		Cameroon, Gabon
		Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)	long-legged marsh glider[8]	Asia
		Trithemis palustris Damm & Hadrys, 2009	marsh dropwing[1]	Namibia
		Trithemis persephone Ris, 1912		Madagascar
		Trithemis pluvialis Förster, 1906	riffle-and-reed dropwing,[4] river dropwing,[15] russet dropwing[1]	Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
		Trithemis pruinata Karsch, 1899	cobalt dropwing[1]	Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Republic of Guinea, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia
		Trithemis selika Selys, 1869		Madagascar
		Trithemis stictica (Burmeister, 1839)	jaunty dropwing[4]	Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
		Trithemis werneri Ris, 1912	elegant dropwing[4]	Angola, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi.

References

1. Dijkstra, K.-D.B.; Clausnitzer, V. (2014). The dragonflies and damselflies of eastern Africa. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. ISBN 978-94-916-1506-1.
2. Damm, S.; Dijkstra, K. D. B.; Hadrys, H. (2010). "Red drifters and dark residents: the phylogeny and ecology of a Plio-Pleistocene dragonfly radiation reflects Africa's changing environment (Odonata, Libellulidae, Trithemis)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (3): 870–882. Bibcode:2010MolPE..54..870D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.006. PMID 20004729.
3. Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. (2024). "World Odonata List". OdonataCentral, University of Alabama.
4. Samways, Michael J. (2008). The Dragonflies and Damselflies of South Africa. Pensoft. ISBN 978-954-642-330-6.
5. Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Trithemis africana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T169243A6596888. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T169243A6596888.en.
6. "Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
7. Boudot, J.-P.; Clausnitzer, V.; Ferreira, S.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B.; Schneider, W.; Samraoui, B. (2016). "Trithemis annulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60052A83872427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60052A83872427.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
8. Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India (PDF).
9. Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). "Trithemis dichroa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60055A86125978. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60055A86125978.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
10. Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). "Trithemis grouti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60059A86128396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60059A86128396.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
11. Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). "Trithemis hecate". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60060A86128927. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60060A86128927.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
12. Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Kipping, Jens; Mézière, Nicolas (2015). "Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata)" (PDF). Odonatologica. 44 (4): 447–678. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
13. Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Trithemis monardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T60063A12216622. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T60063A12216622.en.
14. Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2016). "Trithemis nuptialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60064A86136750. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60064A86136750.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
15. Clausnitzer, V.; Suhling, F. (2016). "Trithemis pluvialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T60065A86140049. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60065A86140049.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.