Tongzi opera

Tongzi opera
Tongzi opera
Traditional Chinese	童子戲 or 僮子戲
Simplified Chinese	童子戏 or 僮子戏
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Tóngzǐ xì

Tongzi opera
Tongzi opera
	Tongzi opera in 2011
Native name	Tongzixi (童子戏 or 僮子戏)
Etymology	tongzi, a type of wu (shaman)
Major region	Area around Nantong and Lianyungang, Jiangsu
Topolect	Jianghuai Mandarin

Tongzi opera (Chinese: 童子戏 or 僮子戏; pinyin: Tóngzǐxì) is a regional form of Chinese opera popular in the rural areas of Nantong in southeastern Jiangsu province and Lianyungang in northeastern Jiangsu province. It is traditionally sung in local dialect and accompanied by gong and drum. The form resulted from the blending of a local religious activity called shang tongzi (Chinese: 上僮子; pinyin: shàng tóngzǐ) with theatre.

In 2008, Nantong's Tongzi Opera was included in the national intangible cultural heritage list.^[1]

In 2021, Lianyungang's Tongzi Opera was included in the national list of operas in danger.^[2]

History

Origins

Its history can be traced back to the pre-Qin period.^[3]

Tongzi opera was born over 1000 years ago near the Yangzi River. At that time, economy and technology was not developed, the residents made a living by salt making and agriculture. Therefore, residents held Buddhist meetings every year to pray for good crop weather and bumper grain harvest which was called Shangtongzi. Thereafter more than 1000 years, it mixed together with the local dialect, the culture, the custom and the public sentiment which contributed to the embryonic form of Tongzi opera. In the end of the Qing dynasty, performers modified the lines, appeared on the stage with make-up, which contributed to its prototype. Formulated in Dongzhou and popular in the Tang dynasty.

In Lianyungang, Tongzi Opera also had long history.^[4] Its origin closely connected with Wu culture in China.^[5] After Ming and Qing Dynasty, it become more and more secular. In other words, it turns from making the God happy to making the population happy.

Development

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, performers went a step further to abandon some superstition contents, using its unique talking and singing form, adapted the Tongzi opera to modern opera, successfully transformed it into Nantong opera. After the reforming and opening up, some young performers were cultivated in the support of Nantong Culture Administration. With the rapid development of market economy, a number of folk performance teams sprang up. In recent years, the endangered Tongzi opera has received much more attention and concerns home and abroad. In 2008, it was included in the list of national intangible cultural heritage.

However, in Lianyungang, the protection on Tongzi Opera was not well guaranteed. It was at risk and waiting for further protection.^[2]

External links

References

^ "童子戏" [Tongzi opera]. China Intangible Cultural Heritage (in Chinese). Retrieved 4 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b "连云港市的海州童子戏被国家相关部门列为了濒危剧种". js.ifeng.com. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
^ ZHOU Huiguo（2009）On Local Opera Rooted in Farming Culture-A Case Studying of Tongzi Opera in Nantong. Nanjing Agricultural University
^ "海州童子戏探秘_祭祀_演出_人们". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
^ "江苏戏曲的宗教特色". www.js-fz.cn. Retrieved 2024-10-03.