Postcard view of Tivoli Circle (Formerly Lee Circle) in the early 20th century
Tivoli Circle is a central traffic circle in New Orleans, Louisiana, which featured a monument to Confederate General Robert E. Lee between 1884 and 2017. During this time, the circle was formerly known as "Lee Circle" until its name reverted to "Tivoli Circle" in 2022. The inner grass circle around the monument was also renamed as "Harmony Circle" as well.
Etymology and History
On July 31, 1877, "Lee Place" for the circle was authorized by Ordinance A.S. 4064[1][2] Although the traffic circle was commonly referred to as "Lee Circle", the ordinance made it clear that the enclosure containing the statue is to be known as "Lee Place", while the traffic circle itself continues to be known as "Tivoli Circle". This ordinance contained no reference to the name "Lee Circle". The monument dedicated to Robert E. Lee was a bronze statue by Alexander Doyle, a prominent American sculptor known for statues dedicated to American Civil War figures. The Circle is located at the intersection of St. Charles and Howard Avenues. Prior to the erection of the monument, the location was known as Tivoli Circle or Place du Tivoli , the park’s name derives from the legendary beauty of the centuries-old gardens from Tivoli in Lazio, Italy and is usually associated with public garden parks in Europe. Tivoli Circle was an important, central point in the city, as it linked upriver areas with downriver areas. It was a common local meeting point and the site remains a popular place to gather for Mardi Gras parades. [3][4][5][6][7]
On June 24, 2015, New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu acknowledged the impact of the June 2015 Charleston church shooting but credited a 2014 conversation with New Orleans jazz ambassador Wynton Marsalis for his decision to call for the removal of the Lee statue and renaming of Lee Circle and other city memorials of Confederate figures.[8]
Tivoli Circle (Formerly Lee Circle) in 2017, with the monument of Robert E. Lee removed
On December 17, 2015, the New Orleans City Council voted to remove the four monuments from public display.[10][11]Four organizations immediately filed a lawsuit in federal court the day of the decision and the City administration agreed that no removals would take place before a court hearing.[12]
On May 18, 2017, the City of New Orleans announced that the Lee statue would be removed at 9 a.m. the following day. This was the last of the four Confederate memorials to be removed by the city.[13] The city also announced that the statue would be replaced with a water feature. The removal of the Lee statue was completed on the evening of May 19 at 6 p.m. C.D.T., a departure from the other removals which occurred during early morning hours under the cover of darkness.
The Confederate General Robert E. Lee monument from the circle is removed from its perch.
On February 23, 2019, a rider was banned for life from a Mardi Gras parade for throwing beads bearing the likeness of the Lee statue, which she had created and sold online as a business venture for profit. The beads were against a city ordinance that restricts advertising and political messaging, and were known to be non-compliant within Orleans Parish.[14]
On April 21, 2022, The grassy park inside the location from now on is called "Harmony Circle". But the circle itself retained the name "Tivoli Circle", the original name for the site before the Lee statue went up in the 1880s. Council member Lesli Harris sponsored the ordinance. [15]
^Jewell, Edwin L. (1882). "Title XIV, Ch. 2, §I, Art. 19(3)". Jewell's Digest of the City Ordinances Together with the Constitutional Provisions, Acts of the General Assembly and Decisions of the Courts Relative to the Government of the City of New Orleans. New Orleans: Edwin L. Jewell. p. 291. That the ground within the enclosure to be so improved, shall be dedicated to the memory of General Robert E Lee, and as soon as the work is commenced, shall thereafter be known as Lee Place, but the name of the outer or street portion shall still be preserved under the designation of Tivoli Circle.
^Hobgson, W. I. (August 31, 1884). "Lee Place - Tivoli Circle". New Orleans, LA: The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 9 July 2015. I quote from the ordinance giving its name. Ordinance 4064, A.S. - Adopted July 31, 1877, reads as follows: "SEC 3. Be if further ordained, etc., That the ground within the inclosure to be so improved, shall be dedicated to the memory of General Robert E. Lee, and as soon as the work is commenced shall thereafter be known as 'Lee Place,' but the name of the outer or street portion shall still be preserved under the designation of 'Tivoli Circle.' " W. I. Hobgson Secretary Lee Mon'l Ass'n.
^Douglas, Lake (2011). Public Spaces, Private Gardens: A History of Designed Landscapes in New Orleans. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 250–251, n. 25. ISBN978-0-8071-3837-3. Using "Tivoli" as a place-name first appeared in New Orleans in 1807, when the engineer Barthélémy Lafon drew subdivision plans for the Delord-Sarpy Plantation property above Canal Street in the Faubourgs Ste. Mary and Annunciation. He created the Place du Tivoli, encircled first by the Tivoli Canal and then by a paved street; this traffic circle was renamed in honor of Gen. Robert E. Lee in the 1870s. Another use of Tivoli occurs with a plantation and garden on nearby Bayou St. John from 1808 through 1824, discussed above. Some may conflate these into one location, an understandable conclusion since early notices of Tivoli Plantation mention garden features and the Carondelet Canal is an extension of Bayou St. John.
^Kane, Harnett (1961). Place du Tivoli: A History of Lee Circle. Boston: John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company. Published on the occasion of the dedication of the John Hancock Building (now known as K&B Plaza), New Orleans, LA, December 7, 1961.
^McClendon, Robert (June 24, 2015). "Mitch Landrieu on Confederate landmarks: 'That's what museums are for'". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015. Landrieu recalled Marsalis saying. When the mayor asked why, Marsalis responded, "Let me help you see it through my eyes. Who is he? What does he represent? And in that most prominent space in the city of New Orleans, does that space reflect who we were, who we want to be or who we are?"
Kane, Harnett (1961). Place du Tivoli: A History of Lee Circle. Boston: John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company. Published on the occasion of the dedication of the John Hancock Building (now known as K&B Plaza), New Orleans, LA, December 7, 1961.
