Thermoanaerobacter

Thermoanaerobacter
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Bacillota
Class:	Clostridia
Order:	Thermoanaerobacterales
Family:	Thermoanaerobacteraceae
Genus:	Thermoanaerobacter Wiegel & Ljungdahl 1982
Type species
Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus Wiegel & Ljungdahl 1982
Species
See text
Synonyms
Acetogenium Leigh & Wolfe 1983 Thermoanaerobium Zeikus, Hegge & Anderson 1983 Thermobacteroides Ben-Bassat & Zeikus 1983

Thermoanaerobacter is a genus in the phylum Bacillota (Bacteria).[1] Members of this genus are thermophilic and anaerobic, several of them were previously described as Clostridium species and members of the now obsolete genera Acetogenium and Thermobacteroides[2][3]

Etymology

The name Thermoanaerobacter derives from:
Greek adjective thermos (θερμός), hot; Greek prefix an (ἄν), not; Greek noun aer, aeros (ἀήρ, ἀέρος), air; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun, bacter, nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun Thermoanaerobacter, rod which grows in the absence of air at elevated temperatures.[4]

Species

The genus contains 15 species, namely[4]

• T. acetoethylicus (Ben-Bassat and Zeikus 1983) Rainey and Stackebrandt 1993 (Latin noun acetum, vinegar; Neo-Latin adjective ethylicus, pertaining to ethyl alcohol; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective acetoethylicus, intended to mean producing acetic acid and ethanol.) This species, formerly known as Thermobacteroides acetoethylicus, used to be the type species of Thermobacteroides, but was transferred over to the genus Thermoanaerobacter, while the other member of the genus Thermobacteroides, Thermobacteroides proteolyticus was reclassified as Coprothermobacter proteolyticus[3]
• T. brockii (Zeikus et al. 1983) Lee et al. 1993 (Neo-Latin genitive case noun brockii, of Brock, named for Thomas Dale Brock who pioneered studies on the physiology and ecology of thermophiles.) this species was previously known as Thermoanaerobium brockii[5][6]
• T. ethanolicus Wiegel and Ljungdahl 1982 (Type species of the genus; Neo-Latin noun ethanol, ethanol;  Latin masculine gender suff. -icus, suffix used with the sense of pertaining to; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective ethanolicus, indicating the production of ethanol.)[7]
• "T. inferii" Orlygsson & Beck 2007
• T. italicus Kozianowski et al. 1998 (Latin masculine gender adjective italicus, pertaining to Italy, where the organism was isolated.)[8]
• "T. keratinophilus" Riesen & Antranikian 2001
• T. kivui (Leigh and Wolfe 1983) Collins et al. 1994 (Neo-Latin genitive case noun kivui, pertaining to Kivu, named for its source, Lake Kivu.) This species used to be known as Acetogenium kivui (sole member of the former genus) before being transferred in this genus [9]
• T. mathranii Larsen et al. 1998 (Neo-Latin genitive case noun mathranii, of Mathrani, in honor of the late Indra M. Mathrani, who contributed to the understanding of thermophilic anaerobes from hot springs during his short career.)[10][11]
• T. pentosaceus Tomás, Karakashev & Angelidaki 2013[12]
• T. pseudethanolicus Onyenwoke et al. 2007 (Greek adjective  pseudēs, false; Neo-Latin adjective ethanolicus, a bacteria-specific epithet; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective pseudethanolicus, a false (Thermoanaerobacter) ethanolicus.)[13]
• T. siderophilus Slobodkin et al. 1999 (Greek noun sideros, iron; Neo-Latin adjective philus from Greek adjective philos (φίλος) meaning friend, loving; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective siderophilus, iron-loving.)[14]
• T. sulfurigignens Lee et al. 2007 (Latin noun sulfur, sulfur; Latin participle adjective gignens, producing; Neo-Latin participle adjective sulfurigignens, sulfur-producing.)[15]
• T. sulfurophilus Bonch-Osmolovskaya 1998 (Latin noun sulfur, sulfur; Neo-Latin adjective philus from Greek adjective philos (φίλος) meaning friend, loving; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective sulfurophilus, liking elemental sulfur.)[16]
• T. thermocopriae (Jin, Yamasato & Toda 1988) Collins et al. 1994 (Greek noun thermē (θέρμη), heat; Greek noun kopria, dunghill; Neo-Latin genitive case noun thermocopriae, of heat compost.) This species was formerly known as Clostridium thermocopriae[9]
• T. thermohydrosulfuricus (Klaushofer and Parkkinen 1965) Lee et al. 1993 (Greek adjective thermos (θερμός), hot; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective hydrosulfuricus, pertaining to hydrogen sulfide; Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective thermohydrosulfuricus, indicating that the organism grows at high temperatures and reduces sulfite to H₂S.), this species also used to be Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum[6]
• T. uzonensis Wagner et al. 2008 (Neo-Latin masculine gender adjective uzonensis, pertaining to the Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka, Far East Russia.)[17]
• T. wiegelii Cook et al. 1996 (Neo-Latin genitive case noun wiegelii, of Juergen Wiegel, in recognition of his contributions to the study of thermophilic anaerobes.)[18]

Three former members of this genus, T. subterraneus, T. tengcongensis and T. yonseiensis, were reclassified as subspecies of Caldanaerobacter subterraneus[19]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[20] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[21]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023[22][23][24]

120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[25][26][27]

T. thermocopriae T. mathranii alimentarius Carlier, Bonne & Bedora-Faure 2007 T. mathranii mathranii Larsen, Nielsen & Ahring 1998 T. italicus T. pentosaceus T. sulfurigignens T. uzonensis T. kivui T. brockii lactiethylicus Cayol et al. 1995 T. pseudethanolicus T. brockii T. b. brockii (Zeikus et al. 1983) Lee et al. 1993 T. b. finnii (Schmid et al. 1986) Cayol et al. 1995 T. siderophilus T. wiegelii T. sulfurophilus T. acetoethylicus T. ethanolicus T. thermohydrosulfuricus

T. kivui T. uzonensis T. pseudethanolicus (incl. T. brockii) T. thermocopriae (incl. T. italicus & T. mathranii) T. wiegelii T. ethanolicus (incl. T. siderophilus & T. thermohydrosulfuricus)

See also

• Bacterial taxonomy
• Microbiology
• List of bacterial orders
• List of bacteria genera

References

1. Classification of Genus Thermoanaerobacter in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
2. Collins, MD; Lawson, PA; Willems, A; et al. (1994). "The Phylogeny of the Genus Clostridium: Proposal of Five New Genera and Eleven New Species Combinations". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44 (4): 812–26. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-4-812. PMID 7981107.
3. Rainey, F.A.; Stackebrandt, E. (1993). "Transfer of the type species of the genus Thermobacteroides to the genus Thermoanaerobacter as Thermoanaerobacter acetoethylicus (Ben-Bassat and Zeikus 1981) comb. nov., description of Coprothermobacter gen. nov., and reclassification of Thermobacteroides proteolyticus as Coprothermobacter proteolyticus (Ollivier et al. 1985) comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43 (4): 857–859. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-4-857.
4. Thermoanaerobacter in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
5. Zeikus, J.G.; Hegge, P.W.; Anderson, M.A. (1979). "Thermoanaerobium brockii gen. nov. and sp. nov., a new chemoorganotrophic, caldoactive, anaerobic bacterium". Archives of Microbiology. 122 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1007/BF00408044.
6. Lee, Y.E.; Jain, M.K.; Lee, C.; Lowe, S.E.; Zeikus, J.G. (1993). "Taxonomic distinction of saccharolytic thermophilic anaerobes: description of Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum gen. nov., sp. nov., and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum gen. nov., sp. nov.; reclassification of Thermoanaerobium brockii, Clostridium thermosulfurogenes, and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum E100-69 as Thermoanaerobacter brockii comb. nov., Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes comb. nov., and Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus comb. nov., respectively; and transfer of Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E to Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 43 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-1-41.
7. Wiegel, J. R.; Ljungdahl, L. G. (1981). "Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus gen. Nov., spec. Nov., a new, extreme thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium". Archives of Microbiology. 128 (4): 343–348. doi:10.1007/BF00405910.
8. Kozianowski, G.; Canganella, F.; Rainey, F. A.; Hippe, H.; Antranikian, G. (1997). "Purification and characterization of thermostable pectate-lyases from a newly isolated thermophilic bacterium, Thermoanaerobacter italicus sp. Nov". Extremophiles. 1 (4): 171–182. doi:10.1007/s007920050031. PMID 9680298.
9. Collins, M. D.; Lawson, P. A.; Willems, A.; Cordoba, J. J.; Fernandez-Garayzabal, J.; Garcia, P.; Cai, J.; Hippe, H.; Farrow, J. A. E. (1994). "The Phylogeny of the Genus Clostridium: Proposal of Five New Genera and Eleven New Species Combinations". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44 (4): 812–826. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-4-812. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 7981107.
10. Larsen, L.; Nielsen, P.; Ahring, B. K. (1997). "Thermoanaerobacter mathranii sp. nov., an ethanol-producing, extremely thermophilic anaerobic bacterium from a hot spring in Iceland". Archives of Microbiology. 168 (2): 114–119. doi:10.1007/s002030050476. PMID 9238102.
11. "List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (Pt 1): 1. 2007. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64923-0. PMID 17220429.
12. Tomás, A.F.; Karakashev, D.; Angelidaki, I. (2013). "Thermoanaerobacter pentosaceus sp. nov., an anaerobic, extremely thermophilic, high ethanol-yielding bacterium isolated from household waste". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (7): 2396–2404. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.045211-0. PMID 23178727.
13. Onyenwoke, R. U.; Kevbrin, V. V.; Lysenko, A. M.; Wiegel, J. (2007). "Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus sp. nov., a thermophilic heterotrophic anaerobe from Yellowstone National Park". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (10): 2191–2193. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65051-0. PMID 17911280.
14. Slobodkin, A.I.; Tourova, T.P.; Kuznetsov, B.B.; Kostrikina, N.A.; Chernyh, N.A.; Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E.A. (1999). "Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus sp. nov., a novel dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (4): 1471–1478. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-4-1471. PMID 10555328.
15. Lee, Y. -J.; Dashti, M.; Prange, A.; Rainey, F. A.; Rohde, M.; Whitman, W. B.; Wiegel, J. (2007). "Thermoanaerobacter sulfurigignens sp. nov., an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium that reduces 1 M thiosulfate to elemental sulfur and tolerates 90 mM sulfite". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (7): 1429–1434. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64748-0. PMID 17625170.
16. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, E.A.; Miroshnichenko, M.L.; Chernykh, N.A.; Kostrikina, N.A.; Pikuta, E.V.; Rainey, F.A. (1997). "Reduction of elemental sulfur by moderately thermophilic organotrophic bacteria and the description of Thermoanaerobacter sulfurophilus sp. nov". Microbiology. 66: 483–489.
17. Wagner, I. D.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, C. L.; Romanek, C. S.; Rohde, M.; Wiegel, J. (2008). "Thermoanaerobacter uzonensis sp. nov., an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring within the Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka, Far East Russia". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (11): 2565–2573. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65343-0. PMID 18984694.
18. Cook, G.M.; Rainey, F.A.; Patel, B.K.C.; Morgan, H.W. (1996). "Characterization of a new obligately anaerobic thermophile, Thermoanaerobacter wiegelii sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 46 (1): 123–127. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-1-123. PMID 8573487.
19. Fardeau, M.; Salinas, M.; L'Haridon, S.; Jeanthon, C.; Verhé, F.; Cayol, J.; Patel, B.; Garcia, J.; Ollivier, B. (2004). "Isolation from oil reservoirs of novel thermophilic anaerobes phylogenetically related to Thermoanaerobacter subterraneus: reassignment of T. subterraneus, Thermoanaerobacter yonseiensis, Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis and Carboxydibrachium pacificum to Caldanaerobacter subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov., comb. nov. as four novel subspecies". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (2): 467–474. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02711-0. PMID 15023962.
20. J.P. Euzéby. "Thermoanaerobacter". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
21. Sayers; et al. "Thermoanaerobacter". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
22. "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
23. "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
24. "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
25. "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
26. "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
27. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.