Telemusik

The belfry at Tōdai-ji in Nara, containing one of the four large bronze bells used in moment 31 of Telemusik

Telemusik is an electronic composition by Karlheinz Stockhausen, and is number 20 in his catalog of works.

History

Through his composition student, Makoto Shinohara, Stockhausen was invited by the Japan Broadcasting Corporation NHK to visit Tokyo, and to carry out two commissions in their electronic music studio, in connection with the 50th anniversary of the founding of NHK in 1965. Because of other commitments, Stockhausen was unable to meet this schedule but finally, under pressure from Tokyo, he flew to Japan on 19 January 1966.[1] According to a note in the score,

Telemusik was realized between January 23 and March 2, 1966 in the Studio for Electronic Music of the Japanese broadcasting system Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), in collaboration with the director of the studio, Wataru Uenami and the studio technicians Hiroshi Shiotani, Shigeru Satô and Akira Honma.[2]

The score is dedicated to the Japanese people. The first public performance took place at the NHK studios in Tokyo on 25 April 1966, in a program which also featured the first and second performances (in versions for trombone and for flute) of Stockhausen's other NHK commission, Solo.[3]

Materials and concepts

The substance of the work consists of recordings of a variety of traditional ethnic musics from around the world, together with electronically generated sounds.[4] More than twenty of these recorded fragments are intermodulated on tape with electronic sounds and with each other to produce "odd hybrid-types"—modulating, for example, "the chant of monks in a Japanese temple with Shipibo music from the Amazon, and then further impos[ing] a rhythm of Hungarian music on the melody of the monks. In this way, symbiotic things can be generated, which have never before been heard".[5] Only seven of the work's thirty-two moments—nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 16—are restricted entirely to electronic sounds.[6] The pitch range is deliberately kept rather high, between 6 and 12 kHz, so that the intermodulation can occasionally project sounds downwards, sections "that seem to be so far away because the ear cannot analyse it, so that it entered the normal audible range and suddenly became understandable". In this way, register becomes a means of bringing the “distant” close up (Greek tele, "afar, far off", as in "telephone" or "television") the concept from which the title of the work is derived.[7]

The work was created using a six-track tape recorder custom-built for the NHK studios. One track was reserved for editing during production, with the completed music being intended for playback in five channels, arranged in a circle around the audience. However, there are none of the continually-moving-sound techniques found in other of Stockhausen's electronic works, such as Kontakte, Sirius, or Oktophonie from Dienstag aus Licht. The spatial conception of Telemusik is therefore closer to that of Gesang der Jünglinge, which was also originally in five channels. For performances elsewhere than at the NHK studios, Stockhausen mixed down several two-channel stereo copies, using a panorama console to approximately position the five channels from left to right as I IV III II V.[8]

Form

A mokugyo (木魚) marks the beginning of moments 3, 9, 15, 21, and 27.
A Japanese rin marks the beginning of moments 8, 16, and 24.

The principal forming element of Telemusik is duration.[9] The work consists of thirty-two structures, called "moments" by the composer.[10] Each begins with the stroke of a Japanese temple instrument. These six instruments are each associated with a moment duration according to their natural decay time: the taku (a high-pitched sandalwood clapper with almost instantaneous decay) with the shortest duration, the bokushō (a larger clapper with longer decay time) with the next longer duration, then a hollow-sounding mokugyo ("wooden fish"), higher and lower-pitched cup gongs called rin and keisu, ending with a group of four large temple bells for the longest of the six durations used.[11] The durations in seconds of these moments are taken from the six Fibonacci numbers between 13 and 144. The numbers of occurrences of these steps are also drawn from Fibonacci numbers, from 1 to 13.[12][9] The longer the step, the fewer times it occurs, and vice versa:

144 × 1
89 × 2
55 × 3
34 × 5
21 × 8
13 × 13

However, the actual duration values used in the score are systematically varied above these base values so that from longest to shortest there are 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, and 2 variants (144, 89/91, 55/56/57, 34/35/36/37, 21/22/23, and 13/14). In order to achieve the specified numbers of moments, the variants of the shorter values are duplicated, again according to the Fibonacci series (13 × 5, 14 × 8; 21 × 3, 22 × 3, 23 × 2; 34 × 2, and the rest with single instances).[13]

Distribution of moments in Telemusik
identifying instrument duration (secs.) no. of occurrences total durations (secs.)
temple bells 144 1 144
keisu 89/91 1 + 1 = 2 180
rin 55/56/57 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 168
mokugyo 34/35/36/37 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5 176
bokushō 21/22/23 3 + 3 + 2 = 8 175
taku 13/14 5 + 8 = 13 177
A keisu announces moments 11 and 22.

Each of the 32 moments is then subdivided into from two to thirteen subsections, again using Fibonacci numbers, in most cases with some values repeated. For example, one of the composer's sketches (reproduced in Erbe 2004, 146) shows that moment 22, with a total duration of 91 seconds, has subdivisions of 34 + 21 + 13 + 8 + 5 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1, though not used in that order in the composition itself.[14]

The moments' durations are distributed over the length of the composition as follows:[15]

taku bokushō mokugyo rin keisu temple bells cumulative durations
1 21 21
2 13 34
3 34 68
4 14 82
5 22 104
6 13 117
7 14 131
7 cont'd 13 + 14 158
8 55 213
9 35 248
10 21 269
11 89 358
12 13 371
13 23 394
14 14 408
15 ↕ 37 445
16 ↕ 57 ↑ 502
17 22 ↓ 524
18 13 ↕ 537
19 14 551
20 23 574
21 36 610
22 91 701
23 14 715
24 56 771
25 21 792
26 14 806
27 34 840
28 14 854
29 22 876
30 14 890
31 144 1034
32 13 1047
A kane introduces the inserted moment "7 Fortsetzung".

The "extra" moment marked "7 Fortsetzung" (7 continued) is an insertion which repeats the long composite of descending glissandos from the two preceding moments, ring modulated with a 12,000 Hz sine wave, briefly "notched" with a dip to 2,000 Hz at the point corresponding to the division between moments 6 and 7. This insert is marked at the beginning by a stroke on a Japanese temple instrument found nowhere else in Telemusik: a gong called a kane (鐘).[16] Of the six resulting structural layers, or "formant rhythms"[17] four—the second, third, fourth, and fifth—are internally symmetrical. However, their centres of symmetry, marked in the table by the symbol "↕", do not coincide, so that the composite structure is not itself symmetrical. The keisu layer is centred on the overall form, while the rin, mokugyo, and bokusho layers are phase-shifted by incrementally increasing distances to the left, right, and left again.[11]

Bronze bell at Myōshin-ji (Kyoto), one of the four bells heard in moment 31

Moments are often more or less casually grouped together into successions of two or more moments, similar to the Hauptgruppen Stockhausen conceived as early as Klavierstück I in 1952.[18] Opinions on these groupings differ somewhat. Robin Maconie describes moments 15, 16 and 17 as a "structural episode" consisting of a sustained "resonance of consciousness", superimposing and transforming material taken from moments 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 14.[19][20] Others variously regard as groupings:

  • moments 1–3[21][18]
  • moments 5–7 cont'd, 10–11, 17–23, and 27–31[18]
  • moments 12–14 and 24–26[22][18]
  • moments 16–21, 22–23, and 27–30[22]

Discography

  • DG LP 643546 (with Mixtur, small ensemble 1967, backwards version)
  • Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 9 (with Mikrophonie I and Mikrophonie II)
  • Stockhausen Text-CD 16 (remastered November 2007)

References

  1. ^ Kurtz 1992, 141.
  2. ^ Stockhausen 1969.
  3. ^ Kurtz 1992, 144.
  4. ^ Stockhausen 1971b, 79.
  5. ^ Stockhausen 1996, 94.
  6. ^ Kohl 2002, 97.
  7. ^ Stockhausen 1966.
  8. ^ Kohl 2002, 112–113.
  9. ^ a b Kohl 2002, 100.
  10. ^ Stockhausen 1971a, 77.
  11. ^ a b Kohl 2002, 102.
  12. ^ Erbe 2004, 132.
  13. ^ Kohl 2002, 101.
  14. ^ Toop 1981, 190–191.
  15. ^ Kohl 2002, 103.
  16. ^ Kohl 2002, 104–105.
  17. ^ Harvey 1975, 101.
  18. ^ a b c d Kohl 2002, 110.
  19. ^ Maconie 1976, 211–212.
  20. ^ Maconie 2005, 267.
  21. ^ Fritsch 1999, 177–178.
  22. ^ a b Erbe 2004, 147–148.

Sources

  • Erbe, Marcus. 2004. "Karlheinz Stockhausens Telemusik". In Kompositorische Stationen des 20. Jahrhunderts: Debussy, Webern, Messiaen, Boulez, Cage, Ligeti, Stockhausen, Höller, Bayle, ed. Christoph von Blumröder, 129–171. Signale aus Köln: Musik der Zeit 7. Münster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7212-2.
  • Fritsch, Johannes. 1999. "Telemusik: Fragment des Verstehens." In Internationales Stockhausen-Symposion 1998, Musikwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 11. bis. 14. November 1998: Tagungsbericht, ed. Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, in association with Johannes Fritsch, Dieter Gutknecht, Dietrich Kämper, and Rüdiger Schumacher, 177–185. Signale aus Köln 4. Saarbrücken: Pfau-Verlag. ISBN 3-89727-050-1.
  • Harvey, Jonathan. 1975. The Music of Stockhausen: An Introduction. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02311-0.
  • Kohl, Jerome. 2002. "Serial Composition, Serial Form, and Process in Karlheinz Stockhausen's Telemusik." In Electroacoustic Music: Analytical Perspectives, ed. Thomas Licata, 91–118. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31420-9.
  • Kurtz, Michael. 1992. Stockhausen: A Biography, translated by Richard Toop. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-14323-7 (cloth) ISBN 0-571-17146-X (pbk).
  • Maconie, Robin. 1976. The Works of Karlheinz Stockhausen. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315429-3.
  • Maconie, Robin. 2005. Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Oxford: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5356-6.
  • Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1966. "Telemusik: Vortrag". Radio lecture. Released on Stockhausen Text-CD 16. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag, 2008. English translation by Jayne Obst.
  • Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1969. Nr. 20 Telemusik (score). Vienna: Universal Edition (UE 14807).
  • Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1971a. "Telemusik (1966)" In Karlheinz Stockhausen, Texte 3, edited by Dieter Schnebel, 75–77. Cologne: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg. ISBN 3-7701-0493-5.
  • Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1971b. "Interview über Telemusik" In Karlheinz Stockhausen, Texte 3, edited by Dieter Schnebel, 79–84. Cologne: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg. ISBN 3-7701-0493-5. Originally published in Christ und Welt [de], 7 June 1968.
  • Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1996. "Electroacoustic Performance Practice", translated by Jerome Kohl. Perspectives of New Music 34, no. 1 (Fall): 74–105.
  • Toop, Richard. 1981. "Stockhausen's Electronic Works: Sketches and Work-Sheets from 1952–1967." Interface 10:149–197.

Further reading

  • Cott, Jonathan. 1973. Stockhausen: Conversations with the Composer. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-21495-0.
  • Frisius, Rudolf. 2008. Karlheinz Stockhausen II: Die Werke 1950–1977; Gespräch mit Karlheinz Stockhausen, "Es geht aufwärts". Mainz, London, Berlin, Madrid, New York, Paris, Prague, Tokyo, Toronto: Schott Musik International. ISBN 978-3-7957-0249-6.
  • Fuhrmann, Roderich. 1974. "Karlheinz Stockhausen: Telemusik". Musik und Bildung 6 (January): 24–29. Published at the same time in Perspektiven Neuer Musik—Material und didaktische Information, edited by Dieter Zimmerschied, 251–265. Mainz: B. Schott's Söhne. ISBN 3-7957-2951-3.
  • Gruber, Gernot. 1999. "Stockhausens Konzeption der 'Weltmusik' und die Zitathaftigkeit seiner Musik". In Internationales Stockhausen-Symposion 1998, Musikwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 11. bis. 14. November 1998: Tagungsbericht, ed. Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, in association with Johannes Fritsch, Dieter Gutknecht, Dietrich Kämper, and Rüdiger Schumacher, 103–111. Signale aus Köln 4. Saarbrücken: Pfau-Verlag. ISBN 3-89727-050-1.
  • Nanni, Matteo. 2009. "World Music e globalizzazione della cultura: Telemusik di Karlheinz Stockhausen".Il Saggiatore musicale 16, no. 1:75–102.
  • Schatt, Peter W. [de] 1989. "Universalismus und Exotik in Karlheinz Stockhausens Telemusik". Musica 43:315–320.
  • Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 2009. Kompositorische Grundlagen Neuer Musik: Sechs Seminare für die Darmstädter Ferienkurse 1970, edited by Imke Misch. Kürten: Stockhausen-Stiftung für Musik. ISBN 978-3-00-027313-1.
  • Utz, Christian. 2007. "Zur kompositorischen Relevanz kultureller Differenz: Historische und ästhetische Perspektiven", in Musik und Globalisierung: Zwischen kultureller Homogenisierung und kultureller Differenz—Bericht des Symposions an der Kunstuniversität Graz, 17.–18. Oktober 2006, edited by Christian Utz and Otto Kolleritsch [de], 29–49. Musiktheorien der Gegenwart 1. Saarbrücken: Pfau-Verlag.