Tadashi Maeda (admiral)

Rear Admiral Tadashi Maeda
Rear Admiral Tadashi Maeda
	Tadashi Maeda in 1942
Born	3 March 1898; Kajiki, Kagoshima, Japan
Died	13 December 1977 (aged 79); Japan
Allegiance	Empire of Japan
Service/branch	Imperial Japanese Navy
Rank	Rear Admiral

Rear Admiral Tadashi Maeda (前田精, Maeda Tadashi, 3 March 1898 – 13 December 1977) was a high-ranking Imperial Japanese Navy officer during the Pacific War. Maeda played an important role in Indonesian independence; he met Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta at his house in Jakarta on 16 August 1945 and his house was used for drafting the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. After leaving military service, Maeda worked in the oil industry.

Early life and career

Maeda was born in the town of Kajiki, Kagoshima on 3 March 1898. His father was a school principal there, and he was part of a former samurai family. He joined a Marine College at the age of 18, specializing in navigation, and he was a first lieutenant by 1930 when he joined the Naval Staff.^[1]^[2]

Military career

Pre-World War II

After joining the Naval Staff, he worked at the European Affairs section for one and a half years before moving to the Naval Station at Ōminato, where he was stationed between 1932 and 1934. During this time period, his wife died, and Maeda did not remarry. In early 1937, Maeda became the adjutant to Rear Admiral Sonosuke Kobayashi during his visit to England to represent Japan in the Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.^[1] They traveled aboard the cruiser Ashigara.^[3] Afterwards, he served as aide-de-camp to admirals Zengo Yoshida and Kiyoshi Hasegawa.^[1]

Maeda became the Japanese naval attaché to the Netherlands in 1940. Following the German invasion of Denmark and Norway, he warned the Dutch that an invasion of their country was certain and they began to prepare accordingly.^[4] In October that year, he went to Batavia in a diplomatic mission attempting to secure trade between the Dutch East Indies and Japan – particularly in oil. In addition to trade negotiations, he was also tasked with espionage and establishing a fifth column, supported by civilians such as Shigetada Nishijima. Maeda returned to Japan in mid-1941, when he was made deputy of the European Affairs section under his elder brother Minoru Maeda.^[1]

Occupation and revolution

Maeda was placed in charge of the Western New Guinea area during the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies.^[5] After the invasion, Maeda was dispatched again to Batavia/Jakarta in August 1942 as a liaison between the Japanese Sixteenth Army and the naval forces.^[1] In October 1944, following a declaration by Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promising Indonesian independence, Maeda sponsored a school known as Asrama Indonesia Merdeka. Maeda stated that the intent of the Asrama was to prepare a younger generation of Indonesian leaders.^[6]

Following the 1945 surrender of Japan, nationalist leaders Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Achmad Soebardjo went to Maeda's house on 15 August to confirm the surrender, which Maeda unofficially confirmed.^[7] Early the following morning, Sukarno and Hatta were kidnapped by nationalist youths (pemuda) and taken to Rengasdengklok, Karawang. Maeda and Soebardjo found out several hours later, and after guaranteeing the pemuda safety from the Kempeitai Maeda offered his house to be used as the site for negotiations.^[8] Fearing intervention from the still-present Japanese Army, Maeda pushed for a declaration of independence, wanting an orderly sovereignty transfer.^[9] Negotiations followed between Maeda, Sukarno and Hatta with army authorities – who by the terms of surrender were required to maintain the status quo – and the authorities agreed to allow a declaration of independence provided order was maintained and the Japanese were not involved.^[10]

On 17 August before dawn, a group – Maeda, Sukarno, Hatta, Soebardjo, Nishijima, Tomegorō Yoshizumi and Shunkichiro Miyoshi [id] (an army representative) gathered in Maeda's house to compose the text of the declaration. After an agreement was reached on the text, the proclamation was read to the public later that day. Maeda also assisted with allowing the Naval Office press to be used to print copies of the proclamation text, which was distributed across Jakarta.^[11] Maeda was later arrested by Allied authorities along with his staff and imprisoned for failing to maintain the status quo. He was later tried by a Japanese military court, found not guilty, and was released in 1947. He left military life.^[12]

Later career

In the 1950s, Maeda, Nishijima and Miyoshi published their memoirs which included their part in the declaration of independence – though some of their contributions were denounced by Sukarno in a 17 August 1959 speech (specifically, Sukarno attacked accusations that the Indonesian National Revolution was Japanese-made).^[13] Just the previous year, Maeda had had a reunion with Sukarno during the latter's 1958 visit to Japan.^[14]

Regardless, according to Maeda's son, both of them remained in close contact and Sukarno visited Maeda when the latter fell ill.^[15] Furthermore, in 1962, following the West New Guinea dispute, Sukarno accepted Maeda's offer to resume oil exploration by Japanese companies in the Vogelkop Peninsula area.^[16] During Maeda's military time, he had been aware of the potential for oil production there.^[5] Prior to this, Maeda (and Nishijima) had also been involved with Indonesian crude oil exports through Permina (later merged to form Pertamina), and participated in a joint venture with a PKI-controlled company.^[16]

Legacy

Following the Indonesian independence, some political groups in Indonesia – particularly those associated with Sutan Sjahrir – attempted to discredit Maeda's contribution to Indonesia's independence, accusing the Asrama of being training centers for anti-communist infiltrators. On the other hand, Wikana's writings explicitly stated that Maeda was sincere in his support, and others noted that Maeda often intervened to save Indonesians who were being suspected by the Kempeitai.^[17] British historian Benedict Anderson proposed that Maeda and other Japanese collaborators had viewed the cooperation as beneficial to long-term relations between Indonesia and Japan.^[18] His former subordinate Nishijima regarded Maeda as "politically, a naive person" regarding his public involvement in the joint venture with the PKI.^[16]

In 1973, Maeda was invited to Indonesia to receive the Bintang Jasa Nararya.^[12] After Maeda's death on 13 December 1977,^[19] Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik sent a telegram to Japan, acknowledging Maeda's aid in the declaration of independence and wrote that his name "will be written in the annals of Indonesia with golden letters".^[20]

Maeda's former house is today the Formulation of Proclamation Text Museum.^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Anderson 2006, p. 427.
^ The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War: In cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation. BRILL. 2009. pp. 544–545. ISBN 9789004190177.
^ "IJN ASHIGARA: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
^ De Jong, Louis (1969). Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, Deel 2: Neutraal. Amsterdam: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie. p. 254.
^ ^a ^b Poulgrain 1999, p. 210.
^ Anderson 2006, p. 44.
^ Anderson 2006, p. 68.
^ Anderson 2006, pp. 74–76.
^ Anderson 2006, p. 78.
^ Anderson 2006, pp. 79–80.
^ Anderson 2006, pp. 82–84.
^ ^a ^b Widhana, Dieqy Hasbi (6 November 2016). "Maeda, Memastikan Indonesia Merdeka Tanpa Sponsor Jepang". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ Blackburn, Kevin (2010). "War memory and nation-building in South East Asia". South East Asia Research. 18 (1): 5–31. doi:10.5367/000000010790959857. ISSN 0967-828X. JSTOR 23750949. S2CID 147115608.
^ Nishihara, Masashi (1976). The Japanese and Sukarno's Indonesia: Tokyo-Jakarta Relations, 1951-1966. University Press of Hawaii. p. 218. ISBN 9780824803797.
^ Khabibi, Ikhwanul. "Cerita Anak Soal Kedekatan Laksamana Maeda dan Sukarno". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-06-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Poulgrain 1999, pp. 212–213.
^ Anderson 2006, p. 45.
^ Anderson 2006, p. 46.
^ "Tempo, Volume 7, Part 4" (in Indonesian). 1977. p. 245. Tanggal 13 Desember yang lalu, sampailah dia di akhir perjalanan hidup. Laksamana Laut (Purnawirawan) Tadashi Maeda meninggal dalam usia 79 tahun
^ Reid, Anthony (1985). "Indonesia: From Briefcase to Samurai Sword" (PDF). Southeast Asia under Japanese occupation. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 16. ISBN 9780938692089.
^ "Mengapa Rumah Laksamana Maeda Dipilih sebagai Lokasi Penyusunan Teks Proklamasi?". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 17 August 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.

Bibliography

Anderson, Benedict (2006). Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780146.

Poulgrain, Greg (1999). "Delaying the 'Discovery' of Oil in West New Guinea". The Journal of Pacific History. 34 (2): 205–218. doi:10.1080/00223349908572903. ISSN 0022-3344. JSTOR 25161079.