Suaeda

Suaeda
	Suaeda maritima
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Amaranthaceae
Subfamily:	Suaedoideae
Genus:	Suaeda; Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel. (1776), nom. cons.
Species
	93; see text
Synonyms
	Alexandra Bunge (1843); Belowia Moq. (1849); Borsczowia Bunge (1877); Brezia Moq. (1849); Calvelia Moq. (1849); Chenopodina Moq. (1849); Cochliospermum Lag. (1817); Dondia Adans. (1763), nom. superfl.; Helicilla Moq. (1849); Lerchia Haller ex Zinn (1757), nom. rej.; Pterocalyx Schrenk (1843); Schanginia C.A.Mey. (1829); Schoberia C.A.Mey. (1829); Trikalis Raf. (1837);

Suaeda is a genus of plants also known as seepweeds^[2] and sea-blites. Most species are confined to saline or alkaline soil habitats, such as coastal salt-flats and tidal wetlands. Many species have thick, succulent leaves, a characteristic seen in various plant genera that thrive in salty habitats (halophile plants).

There are about 110 species in the genus Suaeda.^[3]

The most common species in northwestern Europe is S. maritima. It grows along the coasts, especially in saltmarsh areas, and is known in Britain as "common sea-blite", but as "herbaceous seepweed" in the USA. It is also common along the east coast of North America from Virginia northward. One of its varieties is common in tropical Asia on the land-side edge of mangrove tidal swamps. Another variety of this polymorphic species is common in tidal zones all around Australia (Suaeda maritima var. australis is also classed as S. australis). On the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea a common Suaeda species is S. vera. This is known as "shrubby sea-blite" in English. It grows taller and forms a bush.

The name Suaeda comes from an oral (non-literary) Arabic name for the Suaeda vera species transliterated as suaed, sawād or suēd,^[4] and it was assigned as the genus name by the 18th century taxonomist Peter Forsskål during his visit to the Red Sea area in the early 1760s.^[3]^[5] Forsskål's book, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, published 1775, in Latin, declares Suæda as a newly created genus name, with the name taken from an Arabic name Suæd and presents the species members of the new genus.^[6]

The genus includes plants using either C₃ or C₄ carbon fixation. The latter pathway evolved independently three times in the genus and is now used by around 40 species. S. aralocaspica, classified in its own section Borszczowia, uses a particular type of C₄ photosynthesis without the typical "Kranz" leaf anatomy.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Uses

In the medieval and early post-medieval centuries suaeda was harvested and burned, and the ashes were processed as a source for sodium carbonate for use in glass-making; see glasswort.

In Mexico, some species such as Suaeda pulvinata, called romeritos, are cooked in a traditional festive dish called either revoltijo or romeritos. It is also eaten as wild greens (quelites), or as edible herbs grown as part of the crop-growing system called milpa.

Species

93 species are accepted.^[1]

Suaeda acuminata (C.A.Mey.) Moq.
Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Zohary
Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall.
Suaeda anatolica (Aellen) Sukhor.
Suaeda aralocaspica (Bunge) Freitag & Schütze – formerly known as Borszczowia aralocaspica
Suaeda arbusculoides L.S.Sm.
Suaeda arctica Jurtzev & V.V.Petrovsky
Suaeda arcuata Bunge
Suaeda argentinensis A.Soriano
Suaeda arguinensis Maire
Suaeda articulata Aellen
Suaeda asphaltica (Boiss.) Boiss. – Asphaltic seablite
Suaeda australis (R.Br.) Moq. – Austral seablite
Suaeda braun-blanquetii (Pedrol & Castrov.) Rivas Mart., Cantó & Sánchez Mata
Suaeda caboverdeana Rivas Mart., Lousã, J.C.Costa & Maria C.Duarte
Suaeda caespitosa Dod
Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. – Pursh seepweed, broom seepweed, horned seablite
Suaeda californica S.Watson – California seablite
Suaeda carnosissima Post
Suaeda conferta (Small) I.M.Johnst. – beach seepweed
Suaeda corniculata (C.A.Mey.) Bunge
Suaeda cucullata Aellen
Suaeda dendroides (C.A.Mey.) Moq.
Suaeda densiflora Giusti ex Brignone
Suaeda divaricata Moq.
Suaeda edulis Flores Olv. & Noguez
Suaeda eltonica Iljin
Suaeda esteroa Ferren & S.A.Whitmore – estuary seablite
Suaeda foliosa Moq.
Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.
Suaeda × genesiana Pedrol & Castrov.
Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge
Suaeda heterophylla (Kar. & Kir.) Bunge ex Boiss.
Suaeda ifniensis Caball. ex Maire
Suaeda inflata Aellen
Suaeda iranshahrii Akhani & Freitag
Suaeda jacoensis I.M.Johnst.
Suaeda japonica Makino^[10]
Suaeda khalijefarsica Akhani
Suaeda kocheri Guss. ex C.Brullo, Brullo & Giusso
Suaeda kossinskyi Iljin
Suaeda kulundensis Lomon. & Freitag
Suaeda lehmannii (Bunge) Kapralov, Akhani & Roalson
Suaeda linearis (Elliott) Moq. – annual seepweed, narrow-leaf seablite
Suaeda linifolia Pall.
Suaeda malacosperma H.Hara
Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort.
Suaeda merxmuelleri Aellen
Suaeda mexicana (Standl.) Standl. – Mexican seepweed
Suaeda micromeris Brenan
Suaeda microphylla Pall.
Suaeda microsperma (C.A.Mey.) Fenzl
Suaeda monodiana Maire
Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.
Suaeda moschata A.J.Scott
Suaeda multiflora Phil.
Suaeda nesophila I.M.Johnst.
Suaeda neuquenensis M.A.Alonso, Contic. & Cerazo
Suaeda nigra (Raf.) J.F.Macbr. – bush seepweed, romerillo
Suaeda nigrescens I.M.Johnst.
Suaeda novae-zelandiae Allan
Suaeda nudiflora (Willd.) Moq.
Suaeda occidentalis (S.Watson) S.Watson – western seepweed
Suaeda olufsenii Paulsen
Suaeda palaestina Eig & Zohary
Suaeda palmeri (Standl.) Standl.
Suaeda pannonica Beck
Suaeda paradoxa (Bunge) Bunge
Suaeda patagonica Speg.
Suaeda pelagica Bartolo, Brullo & P.Pavone
Suaeda physophora Pall.
Suaeda plumosa Aellen
Suaeda prostrata Pall.
Suaeda pruinosa Lange
Suaeda pterantha (Kar. & Kir.) Bunge
Suaeda puertopenascoa M.C.Watson & Ferren
Suaeda pulvinata Alvarado Reyes & Flores Olv.
Suaeda rigida H.W.Kung & G.L.Chu
Suaeda rolandii Bassett & Crompton – Roland's seablite
Suaeda salina B.Nord.
Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall.
Suaeda scabra Lomon.
Suaeda sibirica Lomon. & Freitag
Suaeda spicata (Willd.) Moq.
Suaeda splendens (Pourr.) Gren. & Godr.
Suaeda stellatiflora G.L.Chu
Suaeda tampicensis (Standl.) Standl. – coastal seepweed
Suaeda taxifolia (Standl.) Standl. – woolly seablite
Suaeda tschujensis Lomon. & Freitag
Suaeda turgida G.L.Chu
Suaeda turkestanica Litv.
Suaeda tuvinica Lomon. & Freitag
Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.
Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Suaeda Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Suaeda". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b Ferren, Wayne R. Jr.; Jochen Schenk, H. (2003). "Suaeda". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 260, 360, 389, 390. ISBN 9780195173895.
^ Article Soda, by Arnald Steiger, year 1937, on pages 74-75
^ Entry for Suaeda in the Jepson Manual Online.
^ Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica pages XXXVIII, 69-71
^ Schütze, P.; Freitag, H.; Weising, K. (2003). "An integrated molecular and morphological study of the subfamily Suaedoideae Ulbr. (Chenopodiaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 239 (3–4): 257–286. Bibcode:2003PSyEv.239..257S. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0013-2. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 20250636.
^ Kapralov, M.V.; Akhani, H.; Voznesenskaya, E.V.; Edwards, G.; Franceschi, V.; Roalson, E.H. (2006). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae) clade and a clarification of the phylogenetic position of Bienertia and Alexandra using multiple DNA sequence datasets". Systematic Botany. 31 (3): 571–585. doi:10.1600/036364406778388674. ISSN 0363-6445.
^ Sage, R.F. (2016). "A portrait of the C₄ photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery: species number, evolutionary lineages, and Hall of Fame". Journal of Experimental Botany. 67 (14): 4039–4056. doi:10.1093/jxb/erw156. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 27053721.
^ "Suaeda japonica". www.uniprot.org.