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String interpolationIn computer programming, string interpolation (or variable interpolation, variable substitution, or variable expansion) is the process of evaluating a string literal containing one or more placeholders, yielding a result in which the placeholders are replaced with their corresponding values. It is a form of simple template processing[1] or, in formal terms, a form of quasi-quotation (or logic substitution interpretation). The placeholder may be a variable name, or in some languages an arbitrary expression, in either case evaluated in the current context. String interpolation is an alternative to building string via concatenation, which requires repeat quoting and unquoting;[2] or substituting into a printf format string, where the variable is far from where it is used. Compare: apples = 4
puts "I have #{apples} apples." # string interpolation
puts "I have " + String(apples) + " apples." # string concatenation
puts "I have %d apples." % apples # format string
Two types of literal expression are usually offered: one with interpolation enabled, the other without. Non-interpolated strings may also escape sequences, in which case they are termed a raw string, though in other cases this is separate, yielding three classes of raw string, non-interpolated (but escaped) string, interpolated (and escaped) string. For example, in Unix shells, single-quoted strings are raw, while double-quoted strings are interpolated. Placeholders are usually represented by a bare or a named sigil (typically Language support for string interpolation varies widely. Some languages do not offer string interpolation, instead using concatenation, simple formatting functions, or template libraries. String interpolation is common in many programming languages which make heavy use of string representations of data, such as Apache Groovy, Julia, Kotlin, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, Swift, Tcl and most Unix shells. AlgorithmsThere are two main types of variable-expanding algorithms for variable interpolation:[3]
Security issuesString interpolation, like string concatenation, may lead to security problems. If user input data is improperly escaped or filtered, the system will be exposed to SQL injection, script injection, XML external entity (XXE) injection, and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.[4] An SQL injection example: query = "
If ExamplesABAPDATA(apples) = 4.
WRITE |I have { apples } apples|.
The output will be: I have 4 apples
Bashapples=4
echo "I have $apples apples"
# or
echo "I have ${apples} apples"
The output will be: I have 4 apples
Booapples = 4
print("I have $(apples) apples")
# or
print("I have {0} apples" % apples)
The output will be: I have 4 apples
C#var apples = 4;
var bananas = 3;
Console.WriteLine($"I have {apples} apples");
Console.WriteLine($"I have {apples + bananas} fruits");
The output will be: I have 4 apples
I have 7 fruits
ColdFusion Markup LanguageColdFusion Markup Language (CFML) script syntax: apples = 4;
writeOutput("I have #apples# apples");
Tag syntax: <cfset apples = 4>
<cfoutput>I have #apples# apples</cfoutput>
The output will be: I have 4 apples CoffeeScriptapples = 4
console.log "I have #{apples} apples"
The output will be: I have 4 apples
Dartint apples = 4, bananas = 3;
print('I have $apples apples.');
print('I have ${apples+bananas} fruits.');
The output will be: I have 4 apples.
I have 7 fruits.
GoAs of 2022[update], Go does not have string interpolation. There have been some proposals for string interpolation in the next version of the language, Go 2.[6][7] Instead, Go uses printf format strings in the GroovyIn groovy, interpolated strings are known as GStrings:[8] def quality = "superhero"
final age = 52
def sentence = "A developer is a $quality if he is ${age <= 42 ? 'young' : 'seasoned'}"
println sentence
The output will be: A developer is a superhero if he is seasoned
Haxevar apples = 4;
var bananas = 3;
trace('I have $apples apples.');
trace('I have ${apples+bananas} fruits.');
The output will be:[9] I have 4 apples.
I have 7 fruits.
JavaJava had interpolated strings as a preview feature in Java 21 and Java 22. You could use the constant STR of java.lang.StringTemplate directly. enum Stage{test,qa,prod}
record Deploy(UUID image, Stage stage){}
var deploy=new Deploy(UUID.randomUUID(), Stage.test)
STR."Installing \{deploy.image()} on Stage \{deploy.stage()} ..."
var deploy=new Deploy(UUID.randomUUID(), Stage.prod)
STR."Installing \{deploy.image()} on Stage \{deploy.stage()} ..."
They were removed in Java 23 due to design issues.[10] JavaScriptJavaScript, as of the ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) standard, supports string interpolation using backticks const apples = 4;
const bananas = 3;
console.log(`I have ${apples} apples`);
console.log(`I have ${apples + bananas} fruits`);
The output will be: I have 4 apples
I have 7 fruits
Template literals can also be used for multi-line strings: console.log(`This is the first line of text.
This is the second line of text.`);
The output will be: This is the first line of text.
This is the second line of text.
Juliaapples = 4
bananas = 3
print("I have $apples apples and $bananas bananas, making $(apples + bananas) pieces of fruit in total.")
The output will be: I have 4 apples and 3 bananas, making 7 pieces of fruit in total.
Kotlinval quality = "superhero"
val apples = 4
val bananas = 3
val sentence = "A developer is a $quality. I have ${apples + bananas} fruits"
println(sentence)
The output will be: A developer is a superhero. I have 7 fruits
Nemerledef apples = 4;
def bananas = 3;
Console.WriteLine($"I have $apples apples.");
Console.WriteLine($"I have $(apples + bananas) fruit.");
It also supports advanced formatting features, such as: def fruit = ["apple", "banana"];
Console.WriteLine($<#I have ..$(fruit; "\n"; f => f + "s")#>);
The output will be: apples
bananas
NimNim provides string interpolation via the strutils module. Formatted string literals inspired by Python F-string are provided via the strformat module, the strformat macro verifies that the format string is well-formed and well-typed, and then are expanded into Nim source code at compile-time. import strutils, strformat
var apples = 4
var bananas = 3
echo "I have $1 apples".format(apples)
echo fmt"I have {apples} apples"
echo fmt"I have {apples + bananas} fruits"
# Multi-line
echo fmt"""
I have
{apples} apples"""
# Debug the formatting
echo fmt"I have {apples=} apples"
# Custom openChar and closeChar characters
echo fmt("I have (apples) {apples}", '(', ')')
# Backslash inside the formatted string literal
echo fmt"""{ "yep\nope" }"""
The output will be: I have 4 apples
I have 4 apples
I have 7 fruits
I have
4 apples
I have apples=4 apples
I have 4 {apples}
yep
ope
Nixlet numberOfApples = "4";
in "I have ${numberOfApples} apples"
The output will be: I have 4 apples
ParaSailconst Apples := 4
const Bananas := 3
Println ("I have `(Apples) apples.\n")
Println ("I have `(Apples+Bananas) fruits.\n")
The output will be: I have 4 apples.
I have 7 fruits.
Perlmy $apples = 4;
my $bananas = 3;
print "I have $apples apples.\n";
print "I have @{[$apples+$bananas]} fruit.\n"; # Uses the Perl array (@) interpolation.
The output will be: I have 4 apples.
I have 7 fruit.
PHP<?php
$apples = 5;
$bananas = 3;
echo "There are $apples apples and $bananas bananas.\n";
echo "I have {$apples} apples and {$bananas} bananas.";
The output will be: There are 5 apples and 3 bananas.
I have 5 apples and 3 bananas.
PythonPython supports string interpolation as of version 3.6, referred to as
"formatted string literals".[12][13][14] Such a literal begins with an apples = 4
bananas = 3
print(f'I have {apples} apples and {bananas} bananas')
The output will be: I have 4 apples and 3 bananas
Ruby / Crystalapples = 4
puts "I have #{apples} apples"
# Format string applications for comparison:
puts "I have %s apples" % apples
puts "I have %{a} apples" % {a: apples}
The output will be: I have 4 apples
RustRust does not have general string interpolation, but provides similar functionality via macros, referred to as "Captured identifiers in format strings", introduced in version 1.58.0, released 2022-01-13.[15] Rust provides formatting via the std::fmt module, which is interfaced with through various macros such as format!, write!, and print!. These macros are converted into Rust source code at compile-time, whereby each argument interacts with a formatter. The formatter supports positional parameters, named parameters, argument types, defining various formatting traits, and capturing identifiers from the environment. let (apples, bananas) = (4, 3);
// println! captures the identifiers when formatting: the string itself isn't interpolated by Rust.
println!("There are {apples} apples and {bananas} bananas.");
The output will be: There are 4 apples and 3 bananas.
ScalaScala 2.10+ provides a general facility to allow arbitrary processing of a string literal, and supports string interpolation using the included The The standard interpolatorsScala 2.10+'s string interpolation allows embedding variable references directly in processed string literals. Here is an example: val apples = 4
val bananas = 3
//before Scala 2.10
printf("I have %d apples\n", apples)
println("I have %d apples" format apples)
//Scala 2.10+
println(s"I have $apples apples")
println(s"I have ${apples + bananas} fruits")
println(f"I have $apples%d apples")
The output will be: I have 4 apples
Sciter (tiscript)In Sciter any function with name starting from $ is considered as interpolating function and so interpolation is customizable and context sensitive: var apples = 4
var bananas = 3
var domElement = ...;
domElement.$content(<p>I have {apples} apples</p>);
domElement.$append(<p>I have {apples + bananas} fruits</p>);
Where domElement.$content(<p>I have {apples} apples</p>);
gets compiled to this: domElement.html = "<p>I have " + apples.toHtmlString() + " apples</p>";
Snobol apples = 4 ; bananas = 3
Output = "I have " apples " apples."
Output = "I have " (apples + bananas) " fruits."
The output will be: I have 4 apples.
I have 7 fruits.
SwiftIn Swift, a new String value can be created from a mix of constants, variables, literals, and expressions by including their values inside a string literal.[16] Each item inserted into the string literal is wrapped in a pair of parentheses, prefixed by a backslash. let apples = 4
print("I have \(apples) apples")
The output will be: I have 4 apples
TclThe Tool Command Language has always supported string interpolation in all quote-delimited strings. set apples 4
puts "I have $apples apples."
The output will be: I have 4 apples.
In order to actually format - and not simply replace - the values, there is a formatting function. set apples 4
puts [format "I have %d apples." $apples]
TypeScriptAs of version 1.4, TypeScript supports string interpolation using backticks var apples: number = 4;
console.log(`I have ${apples} apples`);
The output will be: I have 4 apples
The var apples: number = 4;
console.log("I have %d apples", apples);
The output remains the same. Visual Basic .NETAs of Visual Basic 14, string interpolation is supported in Visual Basic.[17] name = "Tom"
Console.WriteLine($"Hello, {name}")
The output will be: Hello, Tom
See also
Notes
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