Stick number

2,3 torus (or trefoil) knot has a stick number of six.

In the mathematical theory of knots, the stick number is a knot invariant that intuitively gives the smallest number of straight "sticks" stuck end to end needed to form a knot. Specifically, given any knot ${\displaystyle K}$, the stick number of ${\displaystyle K}$, denoted by ${\displaystyle \operatorname {stick} (K)}$, is the smallest number of edges of a polygonal path equivalent to ${\displaystyle K}$.

Known values

Six is the lowest stick number for any nontrivial knot. There are few knots whose stick number can be determined exactly. Gyo Taek Jin determined the stick number of a ${\displaystyle (p,q)}$-torus knot ${\displaystyle T(p,q)}$ in case the parameters ${\displaystyle p}$ and ${\displaystyle q}$ are not too far from each other:[1]

${\displaystyle \operatorname {stick} (T(p,q))=2q}$, if ${\displaystyle 2\leq p<q\leq 2p.}$

The same result was found independently around the same time by a research group around Colin Adams, but for a smaller range of parameters.[2]

Bounds

Square knot = trefoil + trefoil reflection.

The stick number of a knot sum can be upper bounded by the stick numbers of the summands:[3] $${\displaystyle {\text{stick}}(K_{1}\#K_{2})\leq {\text{stick}}(K_{1})+{\text{stick}}(K_{2})-3\,}$$

Related invariants

The stick number of a knot ${\displaystyle K}$ is related to its crossing number ${\displaystyle c(K)}$ by the following inequalities:[4] $${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}(7+{\sqrt {8\,{\text{c}}(K)+1}})\leq {\text{stick}}(K)\leq {\frac {3}{2}}(c(K)+1).}$$

These inequalities are both tight for the trefoil knot, which has a crossing number of 3 and a stick number of 6.

References

Notes

1. Jin 1997
2. Adams et al. 1997
3. Adams et al. 1997, Jin 1997
4. Negami 1991, Calvo 2001, Huh & Oh 2011

Introductory material

• Adams, C. C. (May 2001), "Why knot: knots, molecules and stick numbers", Plus Magazine. An accessible introduction into the topic, also for readers with little mathematical background.
• Adams, C. C. (2004), The Knot Book: An elementary introduction to the mathematical theory of knots, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 0-8218-3678-1.

Research articles

• Adams, Colin C.; Brennan, Bevin M.; Greilsheimer, Deborah L.; Woo, Alexander K. (1997), "Stick numbers and composition of knots and links", Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, 6 (2): 149–161, doi:10.1142/S0218216597000121, MR 1452436
• Calvo, Jorge Alberto (2001), "Geometric knot spaces and polygonal isotopy", Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, 10 (2): 245–267, arXiv:math/9904037, doi:10.1142/S0218216501000834, MR 1822491
• Eddy, Thomas D.; Shonkwiler, Clayton (2019), New stick number bounds from random sampling of confined polygons, arXiv:1909.00917
• Jin, Gyo Taek (1997), "Polygon indices and superbridge indices of torus knots and links", Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, 6 (2): 281–289, doi:10.1142/S0218216597000170, MR 1452441
• Negami, Seiya (1991), "Ramsey theorems for knots, links and spatial graphs", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 324 (2): 527–541, doi:10.2307/2001731, MR 1069741
• Huh, Youngsik; Oh, Seungsang (2011), "An upper bound on stick number of knots", Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, 20 (5): 741–747, arXiv:1512.03592, doi:10.1142/S0218216511008966, MR 2806342

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W., "Stick number", MathWorld
• "Stick numbers for minimal stick knots", KnotPlot Research and Development Site.