South Korea–Taiwan relations

South Korean–Taiwanese relations
Diplomatic mission
Taipei Mission in Korea	Korean Mission in Taipei

South Korean–Taiwan relations (Chinese: 中華民國—韓國關係; Korean: 대한민국-중화민국 관계)

The Republic of China government recognized the formation of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea on April 13, 1919, as one of the participants of the Cairo Conference, which resulted in the Cairo Declaration. One of the main purposes of the Cairo Declaration was to create an independent Korea, free from Japanese colonial rule.^[1] Bilateral diplomatic relations between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Republic of China began in 1948, just after the foundation of the First Republic, hence making China, the first country to recognize the Republic of Korea as the sole legitimate government of Korea. After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, South Korea maintained relations with Taiwan.

Diplomatic relations between South Korea and Taiwan were terminated on 23 August 1992, followed by South Korean recognition of the People's Republic of China and formation of bilateral recognition between them. But just shortly after, South Korea – Taiwan relations resumed in 1993 under the "New Relations Framework Agreement". The relationship between South Korea and Taiwan has become closer since 2010s. The cultures of the two countries continue to communicate with each other, and the number of tourists visiting each other's countries continues to increase significantly.^[2]^[3] Taipei City is Seoul City's first Sister City.^[4] Both countries have strong non-diplomatic relations.^[5] South Korea sent military personnel in the Political Warfare training in Fu Hsing Kang College.^[6]^[7]

Independence of the Republic of Korea and the Korean War

The division of Korea, which ended 35 years of Japanese control, was followed by a period of trusteeship by American occupation in the south. The first General Election of 1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election founded the First Republic under the supervision of United Nations. The Republic of China recognized the Constitutional Korean government in the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula and opened an Embassy in Myeongdong, Seoul, on 4 January 1949, four months after the establishment of the Republic of Korea.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War and Republic of Korea maintained relations with the Republic of China (ROC), whose government relocated to Taiwan, formerly a Qing prefecture that was under 50 years of Japanese colonial occupation from 1895 to 1945.

The United Nations condemned North Korea's military aggression against Republic of Korea in United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 and United Nations Security Council Resolution 84. The ROC voted in favor of both United Nations resolutions. During the Korean War, the ROC supplied material aid to ROK,^[8] while the People's Republic of China gave North Korea combatants to support the People's Volunteer Army.

Cold War diplomacy

Both the ROK and ROC governments opposed socialism, as well as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and People's Republic of China (PRC). Neither ROK nor ROC recognized or formed a diplomatic relationship with the DPRK and PRC governments. The Republic of Korea referred to the PRC as 'Communist China' (중공, 中共), and the ROC as 'Nationalist China' (국부중국, 國府中國; before 1960s) or 'Free China' (자유중국, 自由中國; after 1970s). The government of the ROC also considered the Republic of Korea government as the sole legitimate state in the Korean peninsula.^[9]

President Park Chung-hee visited Taipei on a state visit in February 1966, in which he expressed solidarity with the ROC and South Vietnam, declaring that: 'We are not breakwaters which passively protect the port from onrushing waves. We are not standing still only to be gradually eroded by the waves of Communism.'^[10]

Termination of diplomatic relations

The Sixth Republic of South Korea furthered the Miracle on the Han River to the Economy of South Korea and opened diplomacy to Communist Nations (including building the foundation of Inter-Korean relations^[11] and accepting co-existence with North Korea by entering the United Nations as "South" Korea^{[citation needed]}). Seoul also hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics. President Roh Tae-woo's next political ambition was to begin implementing Realpolitik with the neighboring countries in Northeast Asia. South Korea's movement away from anti-communist foreign policy to improve relations with nearby communist countries resulted in a deterioration of relations with ROC. This change was introduced to appease North Korea and ease the political anxiety and softens military tension in the Korean Peninsula; Korea hoped to enable the possibility of a peaceful reunification in the Korean peninsula. As normalization began, ROK transferred diplomatic recognition from ROC to the PRC, and confiscated the property of the ROC embassy, transferring it to the PRC.^[12] Taiwan is a member of Property Rights Alliance.^[13] On 17 September 1991, the PRC withdrew its objection to South Korean membership in the United Nations.^[14] South Korea was the last Asian country with formal diplomatic relations with ROC.

Economy

The annual trade volume between South Korea and Taiwan is around US$30 billion, with semiconductor products have been the largest item in the trade over the past few years. As of April 2016, the total amount of mutual investments between the two sides reached around US$2.4 billion in areas such as communication, consumer products, finance, information technology, iron, medicine, metal, securities and semiconductor.^[15]

Flights between South Korea and Taiwan

After Seoul's recognition of the PRC government in Beijing, direct commercial flights between Seoul and Taipei operated by Korean and Taiwanese airlines were terminated. Cathay Pacific and Thai Airways International however, operated the route as a Fifth Freedom sector. The reduction of scheduled flights caused tourist numbers from Taiwan to drop from 420,000 in 1992 to 200,000 in 1993, recovering only partially to 360,000 by 2003.^[16]

On September 1, 2004, representatives of the two countries' unofficial missions, the "Korean Mission in Taipei" and the "Taipei Mission in Seoul" signed an aviation agreement allowing aircraft of each side to enter the airspace of the other. This permitted the resumption of direct scheduled flights by Korean and Taiwanese airlines and also allowed flights from Republic of Korea to Southeast Asia to fly over the island of Taiwan instead of detouring over mainland China or the Philippines. Analysts estimated this would save Republic of Korean airline companies ₩33 billion (US$29 million at 2004 exchange rates) in fuel costs and other fees.^[17]

Kim Young-sam's visits to Taiwan

Former President of South Korea Kim Young-sam (left) with President of Taiwan Chen Shui-bian (2008)

Former President of South Korea Kim Young-sam visited Taipei for five days in July 2001. During this visit, he met President of ROC (Taiwan) Chen Shui-bian at a lunch banquet, but the two were unable to come to an agreement over the wording of a joint written statement urging the resumption of direct air travel.^[18]

In October 2004, following the aviation agreement, Kim came to Taiwan once more at Chen's invitation. He delivered a speech at National Chengchi University and toured port facilities in Kaohsiung, the sister city of Republic of Korea's Busan.^[19]

Taiwan admission into APEC and participation in OECD

The ROK government acted as the interlocutor^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24] and supported Taipei's admission into Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in 1991. Republic of Korea altered the nature of political acronym of Member States to Member Economies in APEC to make APEC formally a Trans-Pacific Economic Forum. Personnel of Taipei's Ministry of Foreign Affairs are forbidden to participate in the APEC, but the Minister of Economic Affairs of Republic of China, a special envoy appointed by the President of Republic of China and business representatives from Republic of China that publicly, can attend annual APEC Meetings under the name of Chinese Taipei.^[25]^[26]^[27] Taipei can also host non-ministerial APEC consortiums and workshops concerning topics in which Taiwan has specific strengths, such as technology and small and medium enterprise. These consortia and workshops are intended to address only success on economics and business-related issues with other APEC Member Economies. Taiwan's participation in APEC is supported by the United States and accepted by People's Republic of China. The APEC Business Travel Card (ATBC) scheme applies to business travelers to and from Taiwan.^[28] South Korea also supported Taiwan's initial participation in OECD and subsequent activities.^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]

Re-establishing non-official relations

The Republic of Korea re-established non-official relations with the Republic of China in 1993, interchangeably and reciprocally as Korean Mission in Taipei and Taipei Mission in Korea.^[37]^[38] Taipei Mission in Korea, Busan Office is located in the southern region of ROK.^[39] Since 1993, there is a significant trade volume between the two nations.^[40]^[41]^[42] Two countries have mutually extended to 90 days of stay with the exemption of visa for visitors from July 1, 2012.^[43] The 19th Seoul-Taipei forum was held on October 13, 2010.^[44]^[45]^[46]

In 2022 South Korea and Taiwan signed an agreement to recognize each other's drivers licenses.^[47]

President of South Korea

South Korea, as a major United States ally and Asia-Pacific leader, has made their position clear on the China-Taiwan issue.

In an April 2023 interview, President Yoon Suk Yeol of South Korea said increased tensions around Taiwan were due to attempts to change the status quo by force, and he opposed such a change.^[48]

Education

There is a rigorous scholarly exchange^[5] and there are multiple ROC Chinese international schools in Republic of Korea:

Seoul Chinese Primary School
Seoul Overseas Chinese High School
Yeongdeugpou Korea Chinese Primary School
Overseas Chinese Elementary School Busan
Overseas Chinese Middle and High School Busan
Overseas Chinese Elementary School Daegu
Overseas Chinese Middle and High School Daegu
Overseas Chinese School Incheon
Suwon Zhongzheng Chinese Elementary School
Overseas Chinese Elementary School Uijongbu
Wonju Chinese Elementary School
Chungju Chinese Elementary School
Onyang Chinese Elementary School
Kunsan Chinese Elementary School

There are two South Korean international schools in the ROC:

Taipei Korean Elementary School (타이페이한국학교)
Kaohsiung Korea School (가오슝한국국제학교)

References

^ "The Avalon Project : CAIRO CONFERENCE 1943". Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.mnd.gov.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "我國與韓國雙邊關係".
^ "Sister Cities and Sister Cities". tchinese.seoul.go.kr (in Kanuri).
^ ^a ^b "行政院全球資訊網".
^ "PChome 個人新聞台".
^ "遠朋國建班". Archived from the original on 28 August 2016.
^ "The 60th Anniversary of the Korean War: UN Allies". Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. International organizations as well as the UN member nations, such as Brazil, Taiwan, Cuba, Ecuador, Iceland, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, helped Korea with materials support.
^ Goodman, David (2015). Handbook of the Politics of China. Edward Elgar. ISBN 9781782544371. Retrieved 29 September 2017. "Seoul recognized Taiwan as the sole legitimate government of China"
^ The Month in Free China, Taiwan Review, March 1, 1966
^ Lee Hu Rak; Kim Young Ju (July 4, 1972). "July 4th North-South Joint Statement". Retrieved 13 May 2012.
^ ROC condemns flag ultimatum Archived 2016-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, Taiwan Journal, January 12, 1993
^ "Ipri 2016". Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
^ Korea, a Century of Change, Jürgen Kleiner, World Scientific, 2001, page 341
^ "Korea and Taiwan: Partners of Co-Prosperity with Commonality". The China Post. 28 September 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016.
^ Navigating through the Sea of Westphalia Diplomacy: Role of Think Tank in Taipei-Seoul Forum, Hwei-luan Poong, Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, page 24
^ Petty, Andrew (2004-09-15). "Korea-Taiwan flying close to the wind". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 2004-09-16. Retrieved 2008-02-05.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Confusion surrounds S. Korean visit". Taipei Times. 2001-07-28. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
^ "Kim Young-sam goes on a stroll through Kaohsiung". Taipei Times. 2004-10-30. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
^ "中小企業財會資訊服務網". Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ "中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網". www.mofa.gov.tw.
^ "apec-paper-2". Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ "臺灣記憶 Taiwan Memory--國家圖書館". Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ "亞太經合組織". Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ Chen Hsi Fan(陳錫蕃); He Zhi Yong(何志勇) (21 November 2011). "廿年前我國加入APEC的經緯" [Details of Chinese Taipei's entry to APEC]. National Policy Foundation (in Chinese). Retrieved 13 May 2012.
^ Wu Lin-jun(吳玲君) (8 October 2001). "台灣在APEC中現有的角色及未來的調整" [Chinese Taipei's role in APEC: Now and future]. National Policy Foundation (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
^ "Foundation and continuum of APEC". Chinese Taipei APEC study center (in Chinese).
^ "APEC Business Travel Card: Benefits for cardholders". Retrieved 13 May 2012.
^ "Chinese Taipei - OECD".
^ "OECD/Korea Policy Centre, Competition Programme - OECD".
^ "OECD/Korea Policy Centre – Health and Social Policy Programmes - OECD".
^ "Society at a Glance - Asia/Pacific Edition 2009 - OECD".
^ "OECD Review of Fisheries: Country Statistics 2015 - en - OECD".
^ "Asian countries top OECD's latest PISA survey on state of global education - OECD".
^ "Main Science and Technology Indicators - knoema.com". Knoema.
^ "Chinese Taipei". Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.
^ "▒ Korean Mission in Taipei ▒". Archived from the original on 2011-12-17. Retrieved 2012-06-16.
^ Internet Team. "首頁 - Taipei Mission in Korea 駐韓國台北代表部". Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ "Bureau of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Korea-Busan". Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. "駐台北韓國代表部". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Bilateral Economic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ "Taiwan-South Korea ties warm up". 17 September 2011.
^ "台韓互免簽證停留期限由30天延長為90日 - 駐地新聞 - 駐韓國台北代表部 Taipei Mission in Korea". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
^ "Welcome to Seoul Forum website". Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ http://www.seoulforum.or.kr/english/images/affairs.pdf ^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Welcome to Seoul Forum website". Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ Chen, Kelvin (17 February 2022). "South Korea inks driver's license recognition agreement with Taiwan". taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
^ China lodges complaint over South Korean president's 'erroneous' Taiwan remarks - Reuters

[1] "The Avalon Project : CAIRO CONFERENCE 1943". Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[2] "Archived copy" (PDF). www.mnd.gov.tw. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[3] "我國與韓國雙邊關係".

[4] "Sister Cities and Sister Cities". tchinese.seoul.go.kr (in Kanuri).

[auto-5] "行政院全球資訊網".

[6] "PChome 個人新聞台".

[7] "遠朋國建班". Archived from the original on 28 August 2016.

[8] "The 60th Anniversary of the Korean War: UN Allies". Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. International organizations as well as the UN member nations, such as Brazil, Taiwan, Cuba, Ecuador, Iceland, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, helped Korea with materials support.

[ROKROC-9] Goodman, David (2015). Handbook of the Politics of China. Edward Elgar. ISBN 9781782544371. Retrieved 29 September 2017. "Seoul recognized Taiwan as the sole legitimate government of China"

[10] The Month in Free China, Taiwan Review, March 1, 1966

[11] Lee Hu Rak; Kim Young Ju (July 4, 1972). "July 4th North-South Joint Statement". Retrieved 13 May 2012.

[12] ROC condemns flag ultimatum Archived 2016-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, Taiwan Journal, January 12, 1993

[13] "Ipri 2016". Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2016-12-22.

[14] Korea, a Century of Change, Jürgen Kleiner, World Scientific, 2001, page 341

[15] "Korea and Taiwan: Partners of Co-Prosperity with Commonality". The China Post. 28 September 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016.

[16] Navigating through the Sea of Westphalia Diplomacy: Role of Think Tank in Taipei-Seoul Forum, Hwei-luan Poong, Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, page 24

[17] Petty, Andrew (2004-09-15). "Korea-Taiwan flying close to the wind". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 2004-09-16. Retrieved 2008-02-05.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[18] "Confusion surrounds S. Korean visit". Taipei Times. 2001-07-28. Retrieved 2008-02-05.

[19] "Kim Young-sam goes on a stroll through Kaohsiung". Taipei Times. 2004-10-30. Retrieved 2008-02-05.

[20] "中小企業財會資訊服務網". Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[21] "中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網". www.mofa.gov.tw.

[22] "apec-paper-2". Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[23] "臺灣記憶 Taiwan Memory--國家圖書館". Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[24] "亞太經合組織". Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[25] Chen Hsi Fan(陳錫蕃); He Zhi Yong(何志勇) (21 November 2011). "廿年前我國加入APEC的經緯" [Details of Chinese Taipei's entry to APEC]. National Policy Foundation (in Chinese). Retrieved 13 May 2012.

[26] Wu Lin-jun(吳玲君) (8 October 2001). "台灣在APEC中現有的角色及未來的調整" [Chinese Taipei's role in APEC: Now and future]. National Policy Foundation (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.

[27] "Foundation and continuum of APEC". Chinese Taipei APEC study center (in Chinese).

[28] "APEC Business Travel Card: Benefits for cardholders". Retrieved 13 May 2012.

[29] "Chinese Taipei - OECD".

[30] "OECD/Korea Policy Centre, Competition Programme - OECD".

[31] "OECD/Korea Policy Centre – Health and Social Policy Programmes - OECD".

[32] "Society at a Glance - Asia/Pacific Edition 2009 - OECD".

[33] "OECD Review of Fisheries: Country Statistics 2015 - en - OECD".

[34] "Asian countries top OECD's latest PISA survey on state of global education - OECD".

[35] "Main Science and Technology Indicators - knoema.com". Knoema.

[36] "Chinese Taipei". Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.

[37] "▒ Korean Mission in Taipei ▒". Archived from the original on 2011-12-17. Retrieved 2012-06-16.

[38] Internet Team. "首頁 - Taipei Mission in Korea 駐韓國台北代表部". Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[39] "Bureau of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Korea-Busan". Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[40] Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. "駐台北韓國代表部". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[41] Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Bilateral Economic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[42] "Taiwan-South Korea ties warm up". 17 September 2011.

[43] "台韓互免簽證停留期限由30天延長為90日 - 駐地新聞 - 駐韓國台北代表部 Taipei Mission in Korea". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2012-09-21.

[44] "Welcome to Seoul Forum website". Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[45] ttp://www.seoulforum.or.kr/english/images/affairs.pdf ^{[permanent dead link]}

[46] "Welcome to Seoul Forum website". Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[47] Chen, Kelvin (17 February 2022). "South Korea inks driver's license recognition agreement with Taiwan". taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 17 February 2022.

[48] China lodges complaint over South Korean president's 'erroneous' Taiwan remarks - Reuters

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South Korea–Taiwan relations

Independence of the Republic of Korea and the Korean War

Cold War diplomacy

Termination of diplomatic relations

Economy

Flights between South Korea and Taiwan

Kim Young-sam's visits to Taiwan

Taiwan admission into APEC and participation in OECD

Re-establishing non-official relations

President of South Korea

Education

See also

Further reading

References

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