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SléttuböndIn traditional Icelandic poetry, sléttubönd is a type of ferskeytt, more precisely a quatrain with a strict rhyming scheme and a fixed number of syllables. It follows the standard pattern of Icelandic poetry between the late Middle Ages and the early 20th century (still frequently employed today) where two stressed syllables in each odd-numbered line alliterate with the first stressed syllable of the following line. The form's defining characteristic is that its words constitute a valid quatrain also when read in the inverse order, making sléttubönd a type of palindromic verse. Sometimes, such a reading also causes the meaning to be reversed (intentionally), see the “Dóma grundar…” example below. In his 1882 article, “On Old Icelandic and Norwegian Poetry”,[1] Benedict Gröndal calls sléttubönd the most “precious” of metres (the Icelandic term dýr—‘dear’—often being used to designate poetry using convoluted forms which aim for elegance but sometimes tend to be laboured.) He also states that sléttubönd is an invention of relatively recent date, “likely unknown to the older poets”. Writing in 1950, Björn K. Þórólfsson similarly asserts[2] that the first sléttubönd quatrains are found in the rímur of Þórður Magnússon á Strjúgi, who was active in the late 16th century. FormIn the cited article, Gröndal summarizes the characteristics of the verse form as follows (p. 158):
ExamplesStrict formGröndal provides the following example of sléttubönd, listing 16 possible mutations (only a few of which are shown here):
Changing only the order of the first two words of lines 1 and 3:
The first version read backwards:
Moving around most of the words:
Although thousands of sléttubönd quatrains have been written, only a few remain well-known. A highly celebrated one, and attributed to various authors, is given below. Scholars generally consider it to be the work of pastor Jón Þorgeirsson (~1597–1674), who served at Hjaltabakki in North Iceland and who was the father of bishop Steinn Jónsson.[3][4] It was first printed in the 19th century, and is included in the Corpus Poeticum Boreale, printed in Oxford in 1883 (p. 418).[5] Read one way, the quatrain reads as praise for an honest and law-abiding man:
Read the other way, it becomes a description of a dishonest liar:
‘Lesser’ sléttuböndBjörn K. Þórólfsson further specifies that to count as sléttubönd a quatrain must, at minimum:
This variant of sléttubönd is labelled “lesser“ because it fails some of the criteria laid down above (for example a disyllabic word can be replaced with two monosyllabic ones), but it retains the fundamental characteristic of being able to be read backwards. The following example is from another rímur poet, Guðmundur Andrésson. In it, he both announces his use in the ríma of the “lesser” sléttubönd form and declares himself as its initiator.
Use todayUnlike some other traditional forms of Icelandic poetry, sléttubönd is rarely employed today. Among the best-known uses of the form in recent years (although not necessarily recognized as such) are some of the lyrics by the folk metal band Skálmöld, for example the text to the song Barnið (The Child) from the album Sorgir, where the second half is simply the first half read backwards. The text begins:
(“Render peace to the beautiful child; Cry all, you fleet spirits; Mothers deserve praise, you foul ghosts.”) but ends:
(“Foul ghosts deserve praise; Cry all, you mothers ; Fleet spirits receive peace; The beautiful child is dead.”) The meaning has therefore been completely reversed, in the manner of the “Dóma grundar…” quatrain above. References
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