Sagala

Location of Sagala in the Punjab region of what is now Pakistan

Sagala, Sakala (Sanskrit: साकला), or Sangala (Ancient Greek: Σάγγαλα) was a city in ancient India,^[1]^[2] which was the predecessor of the modern city of Sialkot that is located in what is now Pakistan's northern Punjab province.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] The city was the capital of the Madra Kingdom and it was razed in 326 BC during the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great.^[7] In the 2nd century BC, Sagala was made capital of the Indo-Greek kingdom by Menander I. Menander embraced Buddhism after extensive debating with a Buddhist monk, as recorded in the Buddhist text Milinda Panha.^[8] Sagala became a major centre for Buddhism under his reign, and prospered as a major trading centre.^[9]^[10]

History

Sagala is likely the city of Sakala (Sanskrit: साकला) mentioned in the Mahabharata, a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala.^[11] The city may have been inhabited by the Saka, or Scythians, from Central Asia who had migrated into the Subcontinent.^[12] The region was noted in the Mahabharata for the "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there.^[13] The city was said to have been located in the Sakaladvipa region between the Chenab and Ravi rivers, now known as the Rechna Doab.^{[citation needed]}

Indian campaign of Alexander the Great

Sagala was included in Alexander's campaign in ancient India.

The Anabasis of Alexander, written by the Roman-Greek historian Arrian, recorded that Alexander the Great captured ancient Sialkot, recorded as Sagala, from the Cathaeans, who had entrenched themselves there.^[14]^[15]^[16] The city had been home to 80,000 residents on the eve of Alexander's invasion,^[15] but was razed as a warning against any other nearby cities that might resist his invasion.^[15]

"The Cathaeans... had a strong city near which they proposed to make their stand, named Sagala. (...) The next day Alexander rested his troops, and on the third advanced on Sangala, where the Cathaeans and their neighbours who had joined them were drawn up in front of the city. (...) At this point too, Porus arrived, bringing with him the rest of the elephants and some five thousand of his troops. (...) Alexander returned to Sangala, razed the city to the ground, and annexed its territory". Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, V.22-24

Shunga empire

Following his overthrowing of the Mauryan Empire, Pushyamitra Shunga established the Shunga Empire and expanded northwest as far as Sagala. According to the 2nd century Ashokavadana, the king persecuted Buddhists:

"Then King Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the Kukkutarama. (...) Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the sangharama, killed the monks there, and departed.

After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a hundred dinara reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk" (Shramanas) Ashokavadana, 133, trans. John Strong.

Indo-Greek era

Sagala, renamed Euthydemia by the Greeks, was used as a capital by the Indo-Greek king Menander during his reign between 160 and 135 BC.^[17]

Under Menander's rule, the city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its silk.^[18] Literary accounts suggests the Greeks and the local population of cities like Sagala lived in relative harmony, with some of the Greeks converting to Buddhism and adopting local traditions. Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk Nagasena, as recorded in the Buddhist text Milinda Panha.^[19]^[20] the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces.^[21] Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as a major centre for Buddhist thought.^[22]

Ancient Sialkot was recorded by Ptolemy in his 1st century CE work, Geography,^[23]^[24] in which he refers to the city as Euthymedia (Εύθυμέδεια).^[25]

There is in the country of the Yonakas a great centre of trade, a city that is called Sâgala, situated in a delightful country well watered and hilly, abounding in parks and gardens and groves and lakes and tanks, a paradise of rivers and mountains and woods. Wise architects have laid it out, and its people know of no oppression, since all their enemies and adversaries have been put down. Brave is its defence, with many and various strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated. Well laid out are its streets, squares, cross roads, and market places. Well displayed are the innumerable sorts of costly merchandise with which its shops are filled. It is richly adorned with hundreds of alms-halls of various kinds; and splendid with hundreds of thousands of magnificent mansions, which rise aloft like the mountain peaks of the Himalayas. Its streets are filled with elephants, horses, carriages, and foot-passengers, frequented by groups of handsome men and beautiful women, and crowded by men of all sorts and conditions, Brahmans, nobles, artificers, and servants. They resound with cries of welcome to the teachers of every creed, and the city is the resort of the leading men of each of the differing sects. Shops are there for the sale of Benares muslin, of Kotumbara stuffs, and of other cloths of various kinds; and sweet odours are exhaled from the bazaars, where all sorts of flowers and perfumes are tastefully set out. Jewels are there in plenty, such as men's hearts desire, and guilds of traders in all sorts of finery display their goods in the bazaars that face all quarters of the sky. So full is the city of money, and of gold and silver ware, of copper and stone ware, that it is a very mine of dazzling treasures. And there is laid up there much store of property and corn and things of value in warehouses-foods and drinks of every sort, syrups and sweetmeats of every kind. In wealth it rivals Uttara-kuru, and in glory it is as Âlakamandâ, the city of the gods. (The Questions of King Milinda, translated by T. W. Rhys Davids, 1890)

References

^ Rapson, Edward James (1960). Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century A. D. Susil Gupta. p. 88. Sakala, the modern Sialkot in the Lahore Division of the Punjab, was the capital of the Madras who are known in the later Vedic period (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).
^ Kumar, Rakesh (2000). Ancient India and World. Classical Publishing Company. p. 68.
^ McEvilley, Thomas (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781581159332. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ Cohen, Getzel M. (2 June 2013). The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520953567.
^ Kim, Hyun Jin; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Adali, Selim Ferruh (5 October 2017). Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107190412.
^ Congress, Indian History (2007). Proceedings, Indian History Congress.
^ Prasad, Prakash Charan (1977). Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170170532.
^ McEvilley, Thomas (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781581159332. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ Srivastava, Balram (1968). Trade and commerce in ancient India, from the earliest times to c. A.D. 300. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 67.
^ Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1977). Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction. Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
^ Wilson, Horace Hayman; Masson, Charles (1841). Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan. East India Company. p. 197. sangala rebuilt.
^ Society, Panjab University Arabic and Persian (1964). Journal.
^ Wilson, Horace Hayman; Masson, Charles (1841). Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan. East India Company. p. 196. sangala rebuilt.
^ Arrian (1884). The Anabasis of Alexander, Or the History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great. Hodder and Stoughton.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yenne, Bill (13 April 2010). Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780230106406.
^ Dhillon, Harish (2015). Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 9789384544843. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
^ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108009416.
^ McEvilley, Thomas (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781581159332. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ McEvilley, Thomas (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781581159332. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
^ Pesala (Bhikkhu.) (1991). The Debate of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milinda Pañha. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 19. ISBN 978-81-208-0893-5.
^ Davids, Thomas William Rhys (1894). The Questions of King Milinda. Clarendon Press.
^ McEvilley, Thomas (7 February 2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781581159332.
^ Journal of Indian History. 1960.
^ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108009416.
^ Cohen, Getzel M. (2 June 2013). The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520953567.

[Rapson1960-1] Rapson, Edward James (1960). Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century A. D. Susil Gupta. p. 88. Sakala, the modern Sialkot in the Lahore Division of the Punjab, was the capital of the Madras who are known in the later Vedic period (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).

[Kumar2000-2] Kumar, Rakesh (2000). Ancient India and World. Classical Publishing Company. p. 68.

[3] McEvilley, Thomas (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781581159332. Retrieved 2 June 2017.

[4] Cohen, Getzel M. (2 June 2013). The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520953567.

[5] Kim, Hyun Jin; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Adali, Selim Ferruh (5 October 2017). Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107190412.

[6] Congress, Indian History (2007). Proceedings, Indian History Congress.

[Prasad1977-7] Prasad, Prakash Charan (1977). Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170170532.

[8] McEvilley, Thomas (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781581159332. Retrieved 2 June 2017.

[Srivastava1968-9] Srivastava, Balram (1968). Trade and commerce in ancient India, from the earliest times to c. A.D. 300. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 67.

[10] Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1977). Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction. Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 3 June 2017.

[11] Wilson, Horace Hayman; Masson, Charles (1841). Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan. East India Company. p. 197. sangala rebuilt.

[12] Society, Panjab University Arabic and Persian (1964). Journal.

[:1-13] Wilson, Horace Hayman; Masson, Charles (1841). Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan. East India Company. p. 196. sangala rebuilt.

[14] Arrian (1884). The Anabasis of Alexander, Or the History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great. Hodder and Stoughton.

[:2-15] Yenne, Bill (13 April 2010). Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780230106406.

[dhillon-16] Dhillon, Harish (2015). Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 9789384544843. Retrieved 3 June 2017.

[Tarn-17] Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108009416.

[18] McEvilley, Thomas (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781581159332. Retrieved 2 June 2017.

[19] McEvilley, Thomas (2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781581159332. Retrieved 2 June 2017.

[20] Pesala (Bhikkhu.) (1991). The Debate of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milinda Pañha. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 19. ISBN 978-81-208-0893-5.

[21] Davids, Thomas William Rhys (1894). The Questions of King Milinda. Clarendon Press.

[22] McEvilley, Thomas (7 February 2012). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781581159332.

[23] Journal of Indian History. 1960.

[:3-24] Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108009416.

[25] Cohen, Getzel M. (2 June 2013). The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520953567.

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Sagala

History

Indian campaign of Alexander the Great

Shunga empire

Indo-Greek era

See also

References

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