Rosa pendulina

Rosa pendulina
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Rosa
Species:	R. pendulina
Binomial name
Rosa pendulina L.[2]
Synonyms[3]
List Ozanonia alpina (L. ex Hartm.) Gand. Ripartia pyrenaica Gand. Rosa adenophora Kit. Rosa adjecta D‚s‚gl. Rosa affinis Sternb. Rosa alpina L. Rosa alpina var. aculeata Ser. Rosa alpina subsp. aculeata (Ser.) Arcang. Rosa alpina var. adjecta (D‚s‚gl.) Nyman Rosa alpina var. bordereana Rouy Rosa alpina var. glandulosa (Bellardi ex Ser.) Nyman Rosa alpina var. globosa Desv. Rosa alpina var. gratianopolitana Rouy Rosa alpina var. heterophylla Rouy Rosa alpina var. humilis Rouy Rosa alpina var. intermedia Gren. Rosa alpina var. laevis Ser. Rosa alpina subsp. laevis (Ser.) Arcang. Rosa alpina var. lagenaria (Vill.) Ser. Rosa alpina var. lamotteana Rouy Rosa alpina var. latifolia Ser. Rosa alpina var. lixoniensis Rouy Rosa alpina var. macroacantha Rouy Rosa alpina var. macrophylla Hagenb. Rosa alpina var. monspeliaca (Gouan) Steud. Rosa alpina subsp. monspeliaca (Gouan) Nyman Rosa alpina var. montisludovici Rouy Rosa alpina var. norica J.B.Keller Rosa alpina var. nuda Gren. Rosa alpina var. nudipes Rouy Rosa alpina var. ovoidea Rouy Rosa alpina var. pendulina (L.) Loisel. & Michel Rosa alpina var. provincialis Rouy Rosa alpina var. pseudopyrenaica Rouy Rosa alpina var. pubescens Gren. Rosa alpina var. pyrenaica (Gouan) Ser. Rosa alpina subsp. pyrenaica (Gouan) Nyman Rosa alpina var. rotundifolia Boullu Rosa alpina var. setosa Ser. Rosa alpina var. subglobosa Rouy Rosa alpina var. sublaevis Rouy Rosa alpina var. vestita Gren. Rosa alpiniformis Haynald ex Borb s Rosa aucuparioides Debeaux Rosa balcanica Dimitrov Rosa balsamea Kit. Rosa brandisii J.B.Keller ex Wiesb. Rosa cinnamomea L. Rosa cinnamomea var. globosa Desv. Rosa coccialba Kmet Rosa croatica Kit. ex Kanitz Rosa detonsa Debeaux Rosa diplacantha (Borb s) Heinr.Braun Rosa filispina Debeaux Rosa glandulosa Bellardi Rosa hybrida Vill. Rosa inermis Turra Rosa × intercalaris D‚s‚gl. Rosa laevis (Ser.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Rosa lagenaria Vill. Rosa majalis var. globosa (Desv.) P.V.Heath Rosa × malyi A.Kern. Rosa monspeliaca Gouan Rosa odoratissima Scop. Rosa pendula Salisb. Rosa pendula Roth Rosa pendulina var. aculeata (Ser.) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. adenophora (Kit.) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. alpina (L. ex Hartm.) Heinr.Braun Rosa pendulina var. balsamea (Kit.) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. borbasii R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. bosniaca (J.B.Keller & Wiesb.) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. croatica (Kit.) Borb s Rosa pendulina var. curtidens (H.Christ) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. ebelii (Heinr.Braun) R.Keller Rosa pendulina subsp. ebelii Heinr.Braun Rosa pendulina var. globosa (Desv.) Hayek Rosa pendulina var. imhoofii R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. intercalaris (D‚s‚gl.) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. intermedia (Gren.) C.Vicioso Rosa pendulina var. laevis (Ser.) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. lagenaria (Vill.) Heinr.Braun Rosa pendulina subsp. mediterranea Kl št. Rosa pendulina var. norica (J.B.Keller) Heinr.Braun Rosa pendulina var. opaca Chrshan. Rosa pendulina var. ovoidea (Rouy) C.Vicioso Rosa pendulina var. popovii Chrshan. Rosa pendulina var. pseudopyrenaica (Rouy) C.Vicioso Rosa pendulina var. pubescens (W.D.J.Koch) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. pyrenaica (Gouan) Fiori Rosa pendulina var. rupestris Crantz ex Heinr.Braun Rosa pendulina var. scabriuscula (H.Christ) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. setosa (Ser.) R.Keller Rosa pendulina var. sternbergii (Heinr.Braun) Heinr.Braun Rosa pendulina var. sublaevis (Rouy) C.Vicioso Rosa pimpinellifolia subsp. alpina L. ex Hartm. Rosa pyrenaica Gouan Rosa recurva Kit. Rosa reversa W.D.J.Koch Rosa rubrifolia var. glandulosa Bellardi ex Ser. Rosa rupestris Crantz Rosa semisimplex (Borb s) Heinr.Braun Rosa semisimplex var. adenophora (Kit.) Borb s ex R.Keller Rosa setosa (Ser.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Rosa stenodonta (Borb s) Heinr.Braun Rosa tenuiflora (Borb s) Heinr.Braun Rosa turbinata Vill. Rosa villarsii Tratt. ex Link

Rosa pendulina, (syn. Rosa alpina), the Alpine rose or mountain rose, is a species of wild rose found in the mountains of central and southern Europe. It appears to have survived in glacial refugia in the Alps and Carpathians, and spread out from there.[4] A climbing shrub with deep pink flowers and relatively few thorns, it has had a history of cultivation as an ornamental plant.

Botanical illustration

Description

Rosa pendulina is a climbing (or rambling) shrub between 0.5 and 2 m, rarely 3 m tall. The flowers are typically semi-doubled and deep pink to fuchsia, brightening towards the center. It can be distinguished from other members of its genus by its relative lack of thorns (prickles), especially higher up on the plant, its oblong fruits (hips) which hang downwards (are pendulous, hence the specific epithet), its hispid peduncles and petioles, and its smooth stems and branches.[5] The chromosome number is 4n = 28.[6]

Ripe hips

Distribution

It prefers to grow in relatively warmer, shadier, and wetter areas alongside streams, in openings in forests, or on rock piles, between 350 and 2,500 m above sea level.[1]

It is mostly found in the subalpine zone of the mountains of Central and Southern Europe: the Pyrenees, the Massif Central, the Alps (at elevations of up to 2300–2600 m in the various parts of the range), throughout the Carpathians (up to 1800 m in the Tatras), in Czechia and adjacent areas of Germany and Poland, in the Apennines and in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula (at elevations of 1000–2500 m in Bulgaria).[7][8][9]

It has been introduced to New England and can be found growing as a garden escapee elsewhere.

Cultivation

Often called by its synonym Rosa alpina, the Alpine rose has been in cultivation for hundreds of years (c. 1683), with many varieties that are practically forgotten today.[10][11][12] It has contributed genetically to an unknown, but large, number of extant rose cultivars.[13] It flowers early, has a pleasing, strong fragrance, and is nearly thornless, all desirable traits for rose breeders. An undesirable trait is that it has weak pedicels supporting the flowers, which leads to the pendulous habit of the fruits. It is hardy to USDA Zone 4a.

Varieties

Numerous varieties (and even subspecies) were described for R. pendulina and R. alpina (see list of synonyms), but these have all been collapsed into R. pendulina.

Hybrids

Rosa pendulina is said to be the parent of a number of hybrids.

• Rosa × anachoretica Schmidely (R. montana × R. pendulina)[14]
• Rosa × buseri Rouy (R. pendulina × R. sherardii)[15]
• Rosa × brueggeri Killias (R. glauca × R. pendulina)[16]
• Rosa × hispidocarpa (J.B. Keller) G. Beck (R. canina × R. pendulina)[17]
• Rosa × intercalaris Déségl. (R. pendulina × R. villosa)[18]
• Rosa × iserana Rouy (R. pendulina × R. rubiginosa)[19]
• Rosa × lheritierana Thory (R. chinensis × R. pendulina)[20]
• Rosa × reversa Kit. (R. pendulina × R. spinosissima)[21]
• Rosa × salaevensis Rapin (R. dumalis × R. pendulina)[22]
• Rosa × spinulifolia Dematra (R. pendulina × R. tomentosa)[23]
• Rosa × wasserburgensis Kirschleger (R. trachyphylla × R. pendulina × R. tomentosa)[24]

Cultivars

Many of these cultivars are quite old and would be assessed differently using modern standards. Rose fanciers tended to call all sports, chance seedlings, regional variants, natural hybrids, and artificial hybrids "varieties" rather than "cultivars". Some, such as the Boursault roses, would probably be considered Groups today. Simply having some R. pendulina ancestry, such as with the Moomin rose (Rosa 'Tove Jansson'), does not make a rose a cultivar of R. pendulina.

• 'Amadis' (Crimson Boursault. The Boursaults are said to be R. chinensis × R. pendulina with some uncertainty)[25][26]: 7 
• 'Bourgogne'[27]
• 'Calypso' (Blush Boursault)[28]
• 'Harstad'[29]
• 'Inermis', also called 'Morletti' or 'Morlettii'[28][26]: 166 
• 'Mount Everest'[26]: 259 
• 'Nana'[30]
• 'Plena'[31] (could be 'Inermis')

References

1. "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Alpen-Rose". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. August 2013.
2. Sp. Pl. 1:492. 1753
3. "Rosa pendulina L." The Plant List.
4. Daneck, Hana; Fér, Tomáš; Marhold Fls, Karol (2016). "Glacial survival in northern refugia? Phylogeography of the temperate shrub Rosa pendulina L. (Rosaceae): AFLP vs. Chloroplast DNA variation". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 119 (3): 704–718. doi:10.1111/bij.12619.
5. Wilkes, John (1827). Encyclopædia Londinensis, Vol 22. p. 374.
6. Bojnanský, Vít; Fargašová, Agáta (7 November 2007). Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. p. 257. ISBN 9781402053610.
7. Kurtto, Arto; Lampinen, Raino; Junikka, Leo (2004). Atlas florae Europaeae, distribution of vascular plants in Europe. 13: Rosaceae (Spiraea to Fragaria, excl. Rubus). Helsinki: Committee for mapping the flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-951-9108-14-8.
8. Meusel, Hermann; Jäger, E.; Weinert, E. (1965). Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora. Vol. [Band I]. Jena: Fischer. T535, K224.
9. Dimitrov, Stojan (1973). "Shipka – Rosa L.". In Vǎlev, Stoju; Asenov, Ivan (eds.). Flora na Narodna Republika Bǎlgarija (in Bulgarian). Vol. V. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. pp. 158–59.
10. Harkness, Peter (2003). The Rose: An Illustrated History. p. 101. ISBN 9781552977873.
11. Wilson, Ernest Henry (1917). Aristocrats of the Garden. p. 12. ISBN 9781429012928.
12. Harrison, Joseph (1851). The Floricultural Cabinet and Florist's Magazine. London: Whittaker and Co. p. 154.
13. Raymond, Olivier; Gouzy, Jérôme; Just, Jérémy; Badouin, Hélène; Verdenaud, Marion; Lemainque, Arnaud; Vergne, Philippe; Moja, Sandrine; Choisne, Nathalie; Pont, Caroline; Carrère, Sébastien; Caissard, Jean-Claude; Couloux, Arnaud; Cottret, Ludovic; Aury, Jean-Marc; Szécsi, Judit; Latrasse, David; Madoui, Mohammed-Amin; François, Léa; Fu, Xiaopeng; Yang, Shu-Hua; Dubois, Annick; Piola, Florence; Larrieu, Antoine; Perez, Magali; Labadie, Karine; Perrier, Lauriane; Govetto, Benjamin; Labrousse, Yoan; et al. (2018). "The Rosa genome provides new insights into the domestication of modern roses". Nature Genetics. 50 (6): 772–777. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0110-3. PMC 5984618. PMID 29713014.
14. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Genève 7: 147. 1894
15. Fl. Fr., 6: 410. 1900
16. Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubünd., N.F., 31, Beil.: 58. 1889
17. Fl. Nieder-Österr.: 776. 1892 (non Chabert in Cariot, 1865; nom. inval.)
18. Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine Loire 28: 104. 1873
19. Fl. Fr., 6 : 408. 1900
20. Redouté, P.J. Les Roses 3: 21. 1824
21. Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 293–294, t. 264. 1810-11
22. Bull. Soc. Haller. 3: 178. 1853
23. Ess. Monogr. Ros. Frib.: 8. 1818
24. Fl. Als., 1: 247. 1852
25. Botanica's Roses: Over 1,000 Pages & over 2,000 Roses Listed. 2000. p. 607. ISBN 9781571456618.
26. Shepherd, Roy E.; Meikle, Catherine E.; Rowley, Gordon (1958). Modern Roses V: A Concise Descriptive List of All Roses in Commerce or of Historical or Botanical Importance. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: J. Horace McFarland Company in Cooperation with The American Rose Society.
27. Schneider, Peter (14 December 2012). Right Rose, Right Place: 3509 Perfect Choices for Beds, Borders, Hedges, and Screens, Containers, Fences, Trellises, and More. p. 46. ISBN 9781603420471.
28. The Plantsman. 1984. p. 123.
29. "Rosa pendulina 'Harstad'". Retrieved 25 May 2020. Tentatively accepted name
30. "Rosa pendulina 'Nana'". Retrieved 25 May 2020.
31. "Rosa pendulina 'Plena'". Retrieved 30 May 2020. Name Status Unchecked