Replacement migration

In demography, replacement migration is a theory of migration needed for a region to achieve a particular objective (demographic, economic or social).^[1] Generally, studies using this concept have as an objective to avoid the decline of total population and the decline of the working-age population.

Often, these overall declines in the population are influenced by low fertility rates. When fertility is lower than the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman and there is a longer life expectancy, this changes the age structure over time.^[2] Overall, the population will start to decline as there will not be enough children born to replace the population of people lost and the proportion of older individuals composing the population will continue to increase. One concern from this is that the age-dependency ratio will be affected, as the working-age population will have more dependents in older age to support. Therefore, replacement migration has been a proposed mechanism to try and combat declining population size, aging populations and help replenish the number of people in the working age groups.

Projections calculating migration replacement are primarily demographics and theoretical exercises and not forecasts or recommendations. However, this demographic information can help prompt governments to facilitate replacement migration by making policy changes.^[3]

The concept of replacement migration may vary according to the study and depending on the context in which it applies. It may be a number of annual immigrants,^[4] a net migration,^[5] an additional number of immigrants compared to a reference scenario,^[6] etc.

History

Types of replacement migration

Replacement migration may take several forms because several scenarios of projections population can achieve the same aim. However, two forms predominate: minimal replacement migration and constant replacement migration.

Minimal replacement migration

Replacement migration is a minimum migration without surplus to achieve a chosen objective. This form of replacement migration may result in large fluctuations between periods. Its calculation will depend on the chosen objective. For example, Marois (2008) calculates the gross number of immigrants needed to prevent total population decline in Quebec.^[7] The formula is then the following:

$R_{(t)}\ '={\frac {-\Delta P_{(t,t+1)}}{A_{(t)}}}$

Where:

R(t)' = Replacement Migration avoiding the decline of population in year t
A(t) = retention rate of immigrants year t, defined by (1 - instantaneous departure rate)
∆P(t,t+1) = change in the total population in the time interval t, t+1

Constant replacement migration

The constant replacement migration does not fluctuate and remains the same throughout the projection. For example, it will be calculated with a projection providing a migration of X throughout the temporal horizon.^{[citation needed]}

Results

The raw results of replacement migration are not necessarily comparable depending on the type of replacement migration used by the author. Nevertheless, major demographics conclusions are recurrent:

The replacement migration reached impossible levels in practice to avoid aging the population, to maintain dependency ratio or influence significantly the age structure of a region.
For regions with a relatively high fertility rate, replacement migration avoiding a decline in the total population or the working age is not excessively high. However, for regions with very low fertility rate, migration replacement is very high and unrealistic.
The level of fertility is a much more important than the Immigration on aging and age structure.
The principal effect of immigration is on aggregate population without substantially modifying its structure.

Criticism

Replacement migration as presented by the United Nations Population Division in 2000 is largely perceived as unrealistic as a singular way of fighting population ageing.^[8]^[9]^[10] One reason being that replacement migration tends to only be a temporary fix to aging populations. Instead of using replacement migration to combat declining and aging populations, government policy and social changes could be implemented.^[11] Therefore, replacement migration is said to be more useful as an analytical or hypothetical tool.^[9]

Increased migration could decrease the old age dependency ratio, which is expected to grow considerably in the next decades.^[9] However, the immigration need to effectively counter the greying of many industrialised economies is unrealistically high.^[12]

A 2019 paper reasserted the conclusions of the 2000 UN Population Division paper, arguing that while immigration could play a role in moderating the effects of an ageing population, the number of immigrants required to actually halt the ageing of the population (expressed in terms of maintaining the potential support ratio) was too high to be realistic.^[13] A 2016 paper on the impact of migration on the projected population trends of the Scandinavian countries reached similar conclusions.^[14]

Replacement migration is also feared to negatively impact the environment.^[11] Declining and aging populations are typically seen in more developed countries, as more developed countries have better health care infrastructure and access to education that both decreases mortality rates and subsequently fertility rates in the population.^[15] Immigrants are typically moving from areas that have fewer resources or economic opportunities, as access to more resources and economic prosperity can be a pull factors for these migrants to move to a new country. A large influx of immigrants from an area that is low or lacks resources to a country that has more resources may change the availability of resources since there will be more people.^[11] Resources could be food, water, land, energy etc.

Certain countries may be opposed to international immigration. Reasons such as xenophobia can subject new immigrants to discrimination, thus, the immigrants may have trouble assimilating to their new country.^[15] The native population of said countries may also resent and oppose the loss of national identity, homogeneous national culture, and the loss of advantages for native people that replacement immigration leads to.

In the western world, some have accused government policies encouraging replacement migration of being an example of the "great replacement".^{[citation needed]}

Advances in robotics and AI could diminish the need for migrant workers, especially in low-skilled jobs.^[16]

Notes and references

^ Marois, Guillaume (2008). "La « migration de remplacement » : un exercice méthodologique en rapport aux enjeux démographiques du Québec" (PDF). Cahier québécois de démographie. 37 (2): 237–261. doi:10.7202/038132ar.
^ United Nations Secretariat. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division (2001). "Replacement Migration: Is it a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?" (PDF). ESA/P/WP. United Nations. p. 177. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
^ Bijak, Jakub (2008). "Replacement Migration Revisited: Simulations of the Effects of Selected Population and Labor Market Strategies for the Aging Europe, 2002-2052". Population Research and Policy Review. 27 (3): 321–342. doi:10.1007/s11113-007-9065-2. JSTOR 41217953. S2CID 154813850.
^ Marois, Guillaume (2007). "Démystification de l'impact de l'immigration sur la démographie québécoise : des résultats surprenants" (PDF). Mémoire déposé lors de la Consultation publique en vue de la planification triennale des niveaux d’immigration pour la période 2008–2010. Commission de la culture, Gouvernement du Québec. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
^ "Replacement Migration". Archived from the original on 2017-05-30. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
^ Bijak, Jakub (2005). Replacement Migration Revisited: Migratory Flows, Population and Labour Force in Europe, 2002–2052 (PDF). UN ECE Work Session on Demographic Projections. Vienne. p. 37.
^ Marois, Guillaume (2008). "La « migration de remplacement » : un exercice méthodologique en rapport aux enjeux démographiques du Québec" (PDF). Cahier québécois de démographie. 37 (2): 237–261. doi:10.7202/038132ar.
^ Wilson, Chris; Sobotka, Tomáš; Williamson, Lee; Boyle, Paul (2013). "Migration and Intergenerational Replacement in Europe". Population and Development Review. 39: 131–157. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00576.x. hdl:10023/6271.
^ ^a ^b ^c McDonald, Peter; Kippen, Rebecca (March 2001). "Labor Supply Prospects in 16 Developed Countries, 2000–2050" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 27 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00001.x. JSTOR 2695153. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-20. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
^ Coleman, DA (2002). "Replacement migration, or why everyone is going to have to live in Korea: a fable for our times from the United Nations". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 357 (1420): 583–98. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.1034. PMC 1692968. PMID 12028794.
^ ^a ^b ^c Meyerson, Frederick A. B. (2001). "Replacement Migration: A Questionable Tactic for Delaying the Inevitable Effects of Fertility Transition". Population and Environment. 22 (4): 401–409. Bibcode:2001PopEn..22..401M. doi:10.1023/A:1006749722702. S2CID 151180628.
^ Bongaarts, John (2004). "Population Aging and the Rising Cost of Public Pensions" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 30 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00001.x. S2CID 8474752.
^ Craveiro, Daniela; Tiago de Oliveira, Isabel (2019). "Back to replacement migration". Demographic Research. 40: 1323–1344. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.45. hdl:10400.11/6732. S2CID 182339089.
^ Heleniak, Timothy; Sanchez Gaussen, Nora (2016). The impact of migration on projected population trends in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden: 2015–2080 (Technical report). Nordregio. 5.
^ ^a ^b Weeks, John R. (2015). Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-09450-5.
^ Strauss, Delphine (2016). "Robots could replace migrant workers, says think-tank". Financial Times.

[1] Marois, Guillaume (2008). "La « migration de remplacement » : un exercice méthodologique en rapport aux enjeux démographiques du Québec" (PDF). Cahier québécois de démographie. 37 (2): 237–261. doi:10.7202/038132ar.

[2] United Nations Secretariat. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division (2001). "Replacement Migration: Is it a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?" (PDF). ESA/P/WP. United Nations. p. 177. Retrieved 2023-04-19.

[3] Bijak, Jakub (2008). "Replacement Migration Revisited: Simulations of the Effects of Selected Population and Labor Market Strategies for the Aging Europe, 2002-2052". Population Research and Policy Review. 27 (3): 321–342. doi:10.1007/s11113-007-9065-2. JSTOR 41217953. S2CID 154813850.

[4] Marois, Guillaume (2007). "Démystification de l'impact de l'immigration sur la démographie québécoise : des résultats surprenants" (PDF). Mémoire déposé lors de la Consultation publique en vue de la planification triennale des niveaux d’immigration pour la période 2008–2010. Commission de la culture, Gouvernement du Québec. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2009-11-14.

[5] "Replacement Migration". Archived from the original on 2017-05-30. Retrieved 2017-06-29.

[6] Bijak, Jakub (2005). Replacement Migration Revisited: Migratory Flows, Population and Labour Force in Europe, 2002–2052 (PDF). UN ECE Work Session on Demographic Projections. Vienne. p. 37.

[7] Marois, Guillaume (2008). "La « migration de remplacement » : un exercice méthodologique en rapport aux enjeux démographiques du Québec" (PDF). Cahier québécois de démographie. 37 (2): 237–261. doi:10.7202/038132ar.

[8] Wilson, Chris; Sobotka, Tomáš; Williamson, Lee; Boyle, Paul (2013). "Migration and Intergenerational Replacement in Europe". Population and Development Review. 39: 131–157. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00576.x. hdl:10023/6271.

[oeaw.ac.at-9] McDonald, Peter; Kippen, Rebecca (March 2001). "Labor Supply Prospects in 16 Developed Countries, 2000–2050" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 27 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00001.x. JSTOR 2695153. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-20. Retrieved 2016-03-20.

[10] Coleman, DA (2002). "Replacement migration, or why everyone is going to have to live in Korea: a fable for our times from the United Nations". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 357 (1420): 583–98. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.1034. PMC 1692968. PMID 12028794.

[:1-11] Meyerson, Frederick A. B. (2001). "Replacement Migration: A Questionable Tactic for Delaying the Inevitable Effects of Fertility Transition". Population and Environment. 22 (4): 401–409. Bibcode:2001PopEn..22..401M. doi:10.1023/A:1006749722702. S2CID 151180628.

[12] Bongaarts, John (2004). "Population Aging and the Rising Cost of Public Pensions" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 30 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00001.x. S2CID 8474752.

[13] Craveiro, Daniela; Tiago de Oliveira, Isabel (2019). "Back to replacement migration". Demographic Research. 40: 1323–1344. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.45. hdl:10400.11/6732. S2CID 182339089.

[14] Heleniak, Timothy; Sanchez Gaussen, Nora (2016). The impact of migration on projected population trends in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden: 2015–2080 (Technical report). Nordregio. 5.

[:0-15] Weeks, John R. (2015). Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-09450-5.

[16] Strauss, Delphine (2016). "Robots could replace migrant workers, says think-tank". Financial Times.

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Replacement migration

History

Types of replacement migration

Minimal replacement migration

Constant replacement migration

Results

Criticism

See also

Notes and references

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