Recamán's sequence

In mathematics and computer science, Recamán's sequence[1][2] is a well known sequence defined by a recurrence relation. Because its elements are related to the previous elements in a straightforward way, they are often defined using recursion.

A drawing of the first 75 terms of Recamán's sequence, according with the method of visualization shown in the Numberphile video The Slightly Spooky Recamán Sequence[3]

It takes its name after its inventor Bernardo Recamán Santos [es], a Colombian mathematician.

Definition

Recamán's sequence ${\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}\dots }$ is defined as:

${\displaystyle a_{n}={\begin{cases}0&&{\text{if }}n=0\\a_{n-1}-n&&{\text{if }}a_{n-1}-n>0{\text{ and is not already in the sequence}}\\a_{n-1}+n&&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}$

The first terms of the sequence are:

0, 1, 3, 6, 2, 7, 13, 20, 12, 21, 11, 22, 10, 23, 9, 24, 8, 25, 43, 62, 42, 63, 41, 18, 42, 17, 43, 16, 44, 15, 45, 14, 46, 79, 113, 78, 114, 77, 39, 78, 38, 79, 37, 80, 36, 81, 35, 82, 34, 83, 33, 84, 32, 85, 31, 86, 30, 87, 29, 88, 28, 89, 27, 90, 26, 91, 157, 224, 156, 225, 155, ...

On-line encyclopedia of integer sequences (OEIS)

Recamán's sequence was named after its inventor, Colombian mathematician Bernardo Recamán Santos, by Neil Sloane, creator of the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS). The OEIS entry for this sequence is A005132.

Visual representation

A plot for the first 100 terms of the Recamán's sequence.[4]

The most-common visualization of the Recamán's sequence is simply plotting its values, such as the figure at right.

On January 14, 2018, the Numberphile YouTube channel published a video titled The Slightly Spooky Recamán Sequence,[3] showing a visualization using alternating semi-circles, as it is shown in the figure at top of this page.

Sound representation

Values of the sequence can be associated with musical notes, in such that case the running of the sequence can be associated with an execution of a musical tune.[5]

Properties

The sequence satisfies:[1]

${\displaystyle a_{n}\geq 0}$

${\displaystyle |a_{n}-a_{n-1}|=n}$

This is not a permutation of the integers: the first repeated term is ${\displaystyle 42=a_{24}=a_{20}}$.[6] Another one is ${\displaystyle 43=a_{18}=a_{26}}$.

Conjecture

Neil Sloane has conjectured that every number eventually appears,[7][8][9] but it has not been proved. Even though 10^230 terms have been calculated (in 2018), the number 852,655 has not appeared on the list.[1]

Uses

Besides its mathematical and aesthetic properties, Recamán's sequence can be used to secure 2D images by steganography.[10]

Alternate sequence

The sequence is the most-known sequence invented by Recamán. There is another sequence, less known, defined as:

${\displaystyle a_{1}=1}$

${\displaystyle a_{n+1}={\begin{cases}a_{n}/n&&{\text{if }}n{\text{ divides }}a_{n}\\na_{n}&&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}$

This OEIS entry is A008336.

References

1. "A005132 - Oeis".
2. "Recamán's Sequence".
3. The Slightly Spooky Recamán Sequence, Numberphile video.
4. R.Ugalde, Laurence. "Recamán sequence in Fōrmulæ programming language". Fōrmulæ. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
5. "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences® (OEIS®)".
6. Math less traveled
7. "A057167 - Oeis".
8. "A064227 - Oeis".
9. "A064228 - Oeis".
10. S. Farrag and W. Alexan, "Secure 2D Image Steganography Using Recamán's Sequence," 2019 International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet), Rabat, Morocco, 2019, pp. 1-6. doi: 10.1109/COMMNET.2019.8742368

External links

• OEIS sequence A005132 (Recamán's sequence)
• The Slightly Spooky Recamán Sequence. (June 14, 2018) Numberphile on YouTube
• The Recamán's sequence at Rosetta Code
• The Ultimate Guide to Recamán’s Sequence (visualization, sonification, and animation)