Pyrenidium

Pyrenidium
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Dothideomycetes
Order:	Pleosporales
Family:	Pyrenidiaceae Zahlbr. (1898)
Genus:	Pyrenidium Nyl. (1865)
Type species
Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. (1865)
Synonyms[1]
Dacampiosphaeria D.Hawksw. (1980) Pyrenidiomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953)

Pyrenidium is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. It is the only genus in the family Pyrenidiaceae.[2] It has 13 species.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1865, with Pyrenidium actinellum assigned as the type species.[3] The family was originally proposed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1898, and later resurrected for use in 2019. Pyrenidium was previously classified in Dacampiaceae, but molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that this family was polyphyletic, and that Pyrenidium originated from a lineage distinct from the genera in that family.[4]

Description

Members of the genus have ascomata that are perithecioid in form, often with blue-green pigment in the upper wall of the peridia. Their ascomata are either immersed in the host thallus, or bursting through surface (erumpent), exposing the upper part of the structure (sometimes still covered by tissue of the host thalli). They have bitunicate asci that contain from four to eight ascospores. Infection by the fungus sometimes causes gall-like malformations of the host thallus.[4]

Species

As of September 2022^[update], Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 13 species of Pyrenidium:[5]

• Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. (1865)[3]
• Pyrenidium aggregatum Knudsen & Kocourk. (2010)[6]
• Pyrenidium borbonicum Huanraluek, Ertz & K.D.Hyde (2019)[4]
• Pyrenidium coccineum Aptroot (2014)[7]
• Pyrenidium cryptotheciae Matzer (1996)[8]
• Pyrenidium hetairizans (Leight.) D.Hawksw. (1986)[9]
• Pyrenidium hypotrachynae Y.Joshi (2018)[10]
• Pyrenidium macrosporum Motiej., Zhurb., Suija & Kantvilas (2018)[11]
• Pyrenidium octosporum Looman (1963)
• Pyrenidium santessonii Lücking (1998)[12]
• Pyrenidium sporopodiorum Matzer (1996)[8]
• Pyrenidium ucrainicum S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2014)[13]
• Pyrenidium zamiae (Müll.Arg.) Matzer (1996)

References

1. "Synonymy. Current Name: Pyrenidium Nyl., Flora, Regensburg 48: 210 (1865)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
2. Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378.
3. Nylander, W. (1865). "Novitatiae quaedum lichenum europaeorum variarum tribuum". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 48: 209–213.
4. Huanraluek, N. (2019). "The family Pyrenidiaceae resurrected". Mycosphere. 10 (1): 634–654. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/13.
5. Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Pyrenidium". Catalog of Life version: Annual Checklist 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
6. Knudsen, K.; Kocourková, J. (2010). "Pyrenidium aggregatum, a new species from North America". Opuscula Philolichenum. 8: 71–74.
7. Aptroot, André (2014). "Two new genera of Arthoniales from New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, with the description of eight further species". The Bryologist. 117 (3): 282–289. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-117.3.282. JSTOR 43188669. S2CID 85916369.
8. Matzer, M. (1996). Lichenicolous ascomycetes with fissitunicate asci on foliicolus lichens. Mycological Papers. Vol. 171. p. 149.
9. Hawksworth, D.L. (1986). "Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: V". Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh. 43: 497–519.
10. Joshi, Y.; Tripathi, M.; Bisht, K.; Upadhyay, S.; Kumar, V.; Pal, N.; Gaira, A.; Pant, S.; Rawat, K.S.; Bajpai, R.; Halda, J.P. (2018). "Further contributions to the documentation of lichenicolous fungi from India". Kavaka. 50: 26–33.
11. Motiejūnaitė, Jurga; Zhurbenko, Mikhail P.; Suija, Ave; Kantvilas, Gintaras (2018). "Lichenicolous ascomycetes on Siphula-like lichens, with a key to the species". The Lichenologist. 51 (1): 45–73. doi:10.1017/S0024282918000579. S2CID 91709387.
12. Lücking, R. (1998). "Foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous fungi collected during the "Smithsonian International Cryptogamic Expedition 1996" to Guyana". Tropical Bryology. 15: 45–76.
13. Kondratyuk, S.; Lőkös, L.; Hur, J.-S. (2014). "New lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi from Ukraine". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 56 (3–4): 361–368. doi:10.1556/ABot.56.2014.3-4.11.