Puabi

Puabi
𒅤𒀜
Queen of Ur
Queen Puabi seated, with attendants, c. 2600 BCE[1][2][3]
Reignfl. c. 2600 BCE
HouseFirst Dynasty of Ur
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Location of Ur, in the Near East, modern Iraq
Plan of tomb PG 800, drawn by archaeologist Katharine Woolley
Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi on three of her attendants, housed at the British Museum

Puabi (Akkadian: 𒅤𒀜 pu3-AD or Pu-abi "Orchard of my father"), also called Shubad or Shudi-Ad due to a misinterpretation by Sir Charles Leonard Woolley, was an important woman in the Sumerian city of Ur, during the First Dynasty of Ur (c. 2600 BCE).[4] Commonly labeled as a "queen", her status is somewhat in dispute, although several cylinder seals in her tomb, labeled grave PG 800 at the Royal Cemetery at Ur,[5] identify her by the title "nin" or "eresh", a Sumerian word denoting a queen or a priestess. Puabi's seal does not place her in relation to any king or husband, possibly indicating that she ruled in her own right.[6] It has been suggested that she was the second wife of king Meskalamdug.[5] Although little is known about Puabi's life, the discovery of Puabi's tomb and its death pit reveals important information as well as raises questions about Mesopotamian society and culture.[7]

Tomb of Puabi

British archaeologist Leonard Woolley[8] discovered the tomb of Puabi, which was excavated between 1922 and 1934 by a joint team sponsored by the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. The Woolley team included his wife and fellow archaeologist, Katharine, who drew the detailed diagrams of the site. Puabi's tomb was found along with approximately 1,800 other graves at the Royal Cemetery at Ur. Puabi's tomb was clearly unique among the other excavations, not only because of the large number of high-quality and well-preserved grave goods, but also because her tomb had been untouched by looters through the millennia.

Objects in the tomb

The number of grave goods that Woolley uncovered in Puabi's tomb was staggering. They included a heavy, golden headdress made of golden leaves, rings and plates; a superb lyre (see Lyres of Ur) complete with a golden and lapis lazuli-encrusted bearded bull's head; a profusion of gold tableware; golden, carnelian, and lapis lazuli cylindrical beads used in extravagant necklaces and belts; a chariot adorned with lioness heads in silver, and an abundance of silver, lapis lazuli, and golden rings and bracelets, as well as her headdress, a belt made of gold rings, carnelian and lapis beads, and other various rings and earrings. Puabi's headdress drew inspiration from nature in its floral motifs and is made up of gold ribbons and leaves, lapis and carnelian beads, and gold flowers.[9]

The "Death Pit"

A number of "death pits" were also found outside of the chambers as well as above Puabi's chamber, raising questions about the initial attribution of the death pits to Puabi specifically.[10] The largest and most well-known death pit held 74 attendants, 6 men, and 68 women, all adorned with various gold, silver, and lapis decoration, and one woman who appeared to be more elaborately adorned than the others.[11] She was buried with 52 attendants: servants, guards, lions, a horse, a chariot, and several other bodies—retainers who were suspected by excavator Leonard Woolley to have poisoned themselves (or to have been poisoned by others) to serve their mistress in the next world. In Puabi's chamber, the remains of three other women were found, and these personal servants had minor adornments of their own. The pit found above Puabi's chamber contained 21 attendants, an elaborate harp or lyre, a chariot, and what was left of a large chest of personal grooming items. Due to the location of the pits and general lack of evidence, it is largely unclear whether the death pits may be directly linked to Puabi.[10]

Theories of cause of death

Evidence derived from CAT scans through the University of Pennsylvania Museum suggests that some of the sacrifices were likely violent and caused by blunt force trauma. A pointed, weighted tool could explain the shatter patterns on the skulls that resulted in death, while a small hammer-like tool was also found, retrieved, and catalogued by Woolley during his original excavation. The size and weight of the tool fit the damage sustained by the two bodies examined by Aubrey Baadsgaard, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Pennsylvania. Cinnabar, or mercury vapour residue, was observed as well, and it would have been used to prevent or slow the decomposition of the bodies until the completion of the necessary funerary rites.[12]

Remains

Puabi's physical remains, including pieces of the badly damaged skull, are kept in the Natural History Museum, London.[13] The excavated finds from Woolley's expedition were divided among the British Museum in London, the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Museum in Baghdad. Several pieces of the treasure were looted from the National Museum in the aftermath of the Second Gulf War in 2003.[14] Several of the more spectacular pieces from Puabi's grave were featured in a highly successful Art and History Museum tour through the United Kingdom and the United States.

Artifacts from tomb PG 800

  • Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb and inscribed as 𒅤𒀜 𒊩𒌆Pu-abi Nin "Queen Puabi".[15][16][17] The last word "𒊩𒌆" may be pronounced as Nin "lady" or Eresh "queen".[18][19]
    Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb and inscribed as 𒅤𒀜 𒊩𒌆Pu-abi Nin "Queen Puabi".[15][16][17] The last word "𒊩𒌆" may be pronounced as Nin "lady" or Eresh "queen".[18][19]
  • Queen Puabi's Lyre, one of the Lyres of Ur, Ur Royal Cemetery
    Queen Puabi's Lyre, one of the Lyres of Ur, Ur Royal Cemetery
  • Inlay with two standing goats, Ur, Tomb PG 800
    Inlay with two standing goats, Ur, Tomb PG 800
  • Silver lioness head finial for the arm of a chair with shell and lapis lazuli inset eyes, recovered from the royal cemetery of Ur 2550–2450 BCE, from the death pit at the entrance Puabi's chamber[20]
    Silver lioness head finial for the arm of a chair with shell and lapis lazuli inset eyes, recovered from the royal cemetery of Ur 2550–2450 BCE, from the death pit at the entrance Puabi's chamber[20]
  • Sumerian fluted goblet from the tomb of Queen Puabi, Electrum, 2500 BCE
    Sumerian fluted goblet from the tomb of Queen Puabi, Electrum, 2500 BCE
  • Lapis lazuli cylinder seal recovered from tomb PG 800, inscription U-bara-ge[21]
    Lapis lazuli cylinder seal recovered from tomb PG 800, inscription U-bara-ge[21]
  • Young attendant from Puabi's death pit, wearing gold headdress and jewelry of gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, and shell
    Young attendant from Puabi's death pit, wearing gold headdress and jewelry of gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, and shell

References

  1. ^ British Museum notice WA 121544
  2. ^ Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. p. 622. ISBN 9781136219115.
  3. ^ Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly (1998). Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 78. ISBN 9780924171550.
  4. ^ Diakonoff, I. M. (2013). Early Antiquity. University of Chicago Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9780226144672.
  5. ^ a b Reade, Julian (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  6. ^ "Queen Puabi's Headdress from the Royal Cemetery at Ur - Penn Museum". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  7. ^ Durn, Sarah, The Most Lavish Mesopotamian Tomb Ever Found Belongs to a Woman, Atlas Obscura, February 10, 2022 with an image of adornment found on Puabi
  8. ^ Woolley, Leonard (1934). Ur Excavations II, The Royal Cemetery. London-Philadelphia. p. 73 & ss.
  9. ^ Hafford, William B. (Spring 2018). "A Spectacular Discovery: Burials Simple and Splendid". Expedition: 62–63.
  10. ^ a b Hafford, William B. (Spring 2018). "A Spectacular Discovery: Burials Simple and Splendid". Expedition: 65.
  11. ^ "The Death Pit". Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  12. ^ Baadsgaard, A., Monge, J., Cox, S., & Zettler, R. L. (2012). Bludgeoned, Burned, and Beautified: Reevaluating Mortuary Practices in the Royal Cemetery of Ur. Sacred killing: the archaeology of sacrifice in the ancient Near East (pp. 125-158). Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns.
  13. ^ Jennifer Y. Chi, Pedro Azara (22 March 2015). From Ancient to Modern: Archaeology and Aesthetics. Princeton University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780691166469.
  14. ^ Bogdanos, Matthew (2005). "The Casualities of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum". American Journal of Archaeology. 109 (3): 477–526. ISSN 0002-9114.
  15. ^ British Museum notice WA 121544
  16. ^ Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. p. 622. ISBN 9781136219115.
  17. ^ Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly (1998). Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 78. ISBN 9780924171550.
  18. ^ James, Sharon L.; Dillon, Sheila (2015). A Companion to Women in the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 9. ISBN 9781119025542.
  19. ^ Seal and transcription: "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  20. ^ B. Ed., Illinois State University. "Artifacts of the Royal Cemetery of Ur". ThoughtCo.
  21. ^ Pr, Univ Of Pennsylvania; Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly (1998). Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-924171-54-3.

Sources