Prime element

In mathematics, specifically in abstract algebra, a prime element of a commutative ring is an object satisfying certain properties similar to the prime numbers in the integers and to irreducible polynomials. Care should be taken to distinguish prime elements from irreducible elements, a concept that is the same in UFDs but not the same in general.

Definition

An element $p$ of a commutative ring $R$ is said to be prime if it is not the zero element or a unit and whenever $p$ divides $ab$ for some $a$ and $b$ in $R$ , then $p$ divides $a$ or $p$ divides $b$ . With this definition, Euclid's lemma is the assertion that prime numbers are prime elements in the ring of integers. Equivalently, an element $p$ is prime if, and only if, the principal ideal $(p)$ generated by $p$ is a nonzero prime ideal.^[1] (Note that in an integral domain, the ideal $(0)$ is a prime ideal, but $0$ is an exception in the definition of 'prime element'.)

Interest in prime elements comes from the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, which asserts that each nonzero integer can be written in essentially only one way as 1 or −1 multiplied by a product of positive prime numbers. This led to the study of unique factorization domains, which generalize what was just illustrated in the integers.

Being prime is relative to which ring an element is considered to be in; for example, 2 is a prime element in $Z$ but it is not in $Z [i]$ , the ring of Gaussian integers, since $2 = (1 + i)(1 - i)$ and 2 does not divide any factor on the right.

Connection with prime ideals

An ideal $I$ in the ring $R$ (with unity) is prime if the factor ring $R / I$ is an integral domain.

In an integral domain, a nonzero principal ideal is prime if and only if it is generated by a prime element.

Irreducible elements

Prime elements should not be confused with irreducible elements. In an integral domain, every prime is irreducible^[2] but the converse is not true in general. However, in unique factorization domains,^[3] or more generally in GCD domains, primes and irreducibles are the same.

Examples

The following are examples of prime elements in rings:

The integers $\pm2$ , $\pm3$ , $\pm5$ , $\pm7$ , $\pm11$ , ... in the ring of integers $Z$
the complex numbers $(1 + i)$ , $19$ , and $(2 + 3 i)$ in the ring of Gaussian integers $Z [i]$
the polynomials $x 2 - 2$ and $x 2 + 1$ in $Z [x]$ , the ring of polynomials over $Z$ .
2 in the quotient ring $Z /6 Z$
$x 2 + (x 2 + x)$ is prime but not irreducible in the ring $Q [x]/(x 2 + x)$
In the ring $Z 2$ of pairs of integers, $(1, 0)$ is prime but not irreducible (one has $(1, 0) 2 = (1, 0)$ ).
In the ring of algebraic integers $\mathbf {Z} [{\sqrt {-5}}],$ the element $3$ is irreducible but not prime (as 3 divides $9=(2+{\sqrt {-5}})(2-{\sqrt {-5}})$ and 3 does not divide any factor on the right).

References

Notes

^ Hungerford 1980, Theorem III.3.4(i), as indicated in the remark below the theorem and the proof, the result holds in full generality.
^ Hungerford 1980, Theorem III.3.4(iii)
^ Hungerford 1980, Remark after Definition III.3.5

Sources

Section III.3 of Hungerford, Thomas W. (1980), Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 73 (Reprint of 1974 ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90518-1, MR 0600654
Jacobson, Nathan (1989), Basic algebra. II (2 ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, pp. xviii+686, ISBN 0-7167-1933-9, MR 1009787
Kaplansky, Irving (1970), Commutative rings, Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon Inc., pp. x+180, MR 0254021