Prices of chemical elements

See also: Diamonds as an investment, Scandium § Price, Rhodium § Mining and price, Palladium as an investment, Silver as an investment, Tin § Price and exchanges, Iridium § Production, Platinum as an investment, Gold as an investment, Bismuth § Price, and Uranium market

This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements' abundance in Earth's crust is added for comparison.

As of 2020, the most expensive non-synthetic element by both mass and volume is rhodium. It is followed by caesium, iridium and palladium by mass and iridium, gold and platinum by volume. Carbon in the form of diamond can be more expensive than rhodium. Per-kilogram prices of some synthetic radioisotopes range to trillions of dollars. While the difficulty of obtaining macroscopic samples of synthetic elements in part explains their high value, there has been interest in converting base metals to gold (Chrysopoeia) since ancient times, but only deeper understanding of nuclear physics has allowed the actual production of a tiny amount of gold from other elements for research purposes as demonstrated by Glenn Seaborg.[1][2] However, both this and other routes of synthesis of precious metals via nuclear reactions is orders of magnitude removed from economic viability.

Chlorine, sulfur and carbon (as coal) are cheapest by mass. Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure.

When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained. This implicitly puts the value of compounds' other constituents, and the cost of extraction of the element, at zero. For elements whose radiological properties are important, individual isotopes and isomers are listed. The price listing for radioisotopes is not exhaustive.

Chart

Z Symbol Name Density[a] (⁠kg/L⁠) Abundance and total mass in Earth's crust[b] (⁠mg/kg⁠) Price[7] Year Source Notes
USD/kg USD/L[c]
1 H Hydrogen 0.00008988 1400 (3.878×1019 kg) 1.39 0.000125 2012 DOE Hydrogen[8] [d]
1 2H (D) Deuterium 0.0001667[10] 13400 2.23 2020 CIL[11] [e]
2 He Helium 0.0001785 0.008 (2.216×1014 kg) 24.0 0.00429 2018 USGS MCS[14] [f]
3 Li Lithium 0.534 20 (5.54×1017 kg) 81.4–85.6 43.4–45.7 2020 SMM[16][g] [h]
4 Be Beryllium 1.85 2.8 (7.756×1016 kg) 857 1590 2020 ISE 2020[17][i] [j]
5 B Boron 2.34 10 (2.77×1017 kg) 3.68 8.62 2019 CEIC Data[18][k] [l]
6 C Carbon 2.267 200 (5.54×1018 kg) 0.122 0.28 2018 EIA Coal[19] [m]
7 N Nitrogen 0.0012506 19 (5.263×1017 kg) 0.140 0.000175 2001 Hypertextbook[24] [n]
8 O Oxygen 0.001429 461000 (1.277×1022 kg) 0.154 0.000220 2001 Hypertextbook[24] [o]
9 F Fluorine 0.001696 585 (1.62×1019 kg) 1.84–2.16 0.00311 – 0.00365 2017 Echemi[25] [p]
10 Ne Neon 0.0008999 0.005 (1.385×1014 kg) 240 0.21 1999 Ullmann[26] [q]
11 Na Sodium 0.971 23600 (6.537×1020 kg) 2.57–3.43 2.49–3.33 2020 SMM[27][g] [r]
12 Mg Magnesium 1.738 23300 (6.454×1020 kg) 2.32 4.03 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [t]
13 Al Aluminium 2.698 82300 (2.28×1021 kg) 1.79 4.84 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [u]
14 Si Silicon 2.3296 282000 (7.811×1021 kg) 1.70 3.97 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [v]
15 P Phosphorus 1.82 1050 (2.909×1019 kg) 2.69 4.90 2019 CEIC Data[18][k] [w]
16 S Sulfur 2.067 350 (9.695×1018 kg) 0.0926 0.191 2019 CEIC Data[18][k]
17 Cl Chlorine 0.003214 145 (4.075×1018 kg) 0.082 0.00026 2013 CnAgri[29] [x]
18 Ar Argon 0.0017837 3.5 (9.695×1016 kg) 0.931 0.00166 2019 UNLV[31] [y]
19 K Potassium 0.862 20900 (5.789×1020 kg) 12.1–13.6 10.5–11.7 2020 SMM[32][g] [z]
20 Ca Calcium 1.54 41500 (1.15×1021 kg) 2.21–2.35 3.41–3.63 2020 SMM[33][g] [aa]
21 Sc Scandium 2.989 22 (6.094×1017 kg) 3460 10300 2020 ISE 2020[34][ab] [ac]
22 Ti Titanium 4.54 5650 (1.565×1020 kg) 11.1–11.7 50.5–53.1 2020 SMM[35][g] [ad]
23 V Vanadium 6.11 120 (3.324×1018 kg) 357–385 2180–2350 2020 SMM[36][g] [ae]
24 Cr Chromium 7.15 102 (2.825×1018 kg) 9.40 67.2 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [af]
25 Mn Manganese 7.44 950 (2.632×1019 kg) 1.82 13.6 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [ag]
26 Fe Iron 7.874 56300 (1.565×1021 kg) 0.424 3.34 2020 SMM[37][g] [ah]
27 Co Cobalt 8.86 25 (6.925×1017 kg) 32.8 291 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [ai]
28 Ni Nickel 8.912 84 (2.327×1018 kg) 13.9 124 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [aj]
29 Cu Copper 8.96 60 (1.662×1018 kg) 6.00 53.8 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [ak]
30 Zn Zinc 7.134 70 (1.939×1018 kg) 2.55 18.2 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [al]
31 Ga Gallium 5.907 19 (5.263×1017 kg) 148 872 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [am]
32 Ge Germanium 5.323 1.5 (4.155×1016 kg) 914–1010 4860–5390 2020 SMM[39][g] [an]
33 As Arsenic 5.776 1.8 (4.986×1016 kg) 0.999–1.31 5.77–7.58 2020 SMM[40][g] [ao]
34 Se Selenium 4.809 0.05 (1.385×1015 kg) 21.4 103 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [ap]
35 Br Bromine 3.122 2.4 (6.648×1016 kg) 4.39 13.7 2019 CEIC Data[18][k]
36 Kr Krypton 0.003733 1×10−4 (2.77×1012 kg) 290 1.1 1999 Ullmann[26] [aq]
37 Rb Rubidium 1.532 90 (2.493×1018 kg) 15500 23700 2018 USGS MCS[14] [ar]
38 Sr Strontium 2.64 370 (1.025×1019 kg) 6.53–6.68 17.2–17.6 2019 ISE 2019[41] [as]
39 Y Yttrium 4.469 33 (9.141×1017 kg) 31.0 139 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [at]
40 Zr Zirconium 6.506 165 (4.571×1018 kg) 35.7–37.1 232–241 2020 SMM[42][g] [au]
41 Nb Niobium 8.57 20 (5.54×1017 kg) 61.4–85.6 526–734 2020 SMM[43][g] [av]
42 Mo Molybdenum 10.22 1.2 (3.324×1016 kg) 40.1 410 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [aw]
43 Tc Technetium 11.5 ~ 3×10−9[ax] (8.31×107 kg) 100000 1200000 2004[ay] CRC Handbook[az]
43 99mTc Technetium-99m 11.5 1.9×1012 22×1012 2008 NRC[46] [ba]
44 Ru Ruthenium 12.37 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) 10400 – 10600 129000 – 131000 2020 SMM[47][g] [bb]
45 Rh Rhodium 12.41 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) 147000 1820000 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bc]
46 Pd Palladium 12.02 0.015 (4.155×1014 kg) 49500 595000 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bd]
47 Ag Silver 10.501 0.075 (2.0775×1015 kg) 521 5470 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [be]
48 Cd Cadmium 8.69 0.159 (4.4043×1015 kg) 2.73 23.8 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bf]
49 In Indium 7.31 0.25 (6.925×1015 kg) 167 1220 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bg]
50 Sn Tin 7.287 2.3 (6.371×1016 kg) 18.7 136 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bh]
51 Sb Antimony 6.685 0.2 (5.54×1015 kg) 5.79 38.7 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bi]
52 Te Tellurium 6.232 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) 63.5 396 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bj]
53 I Iodine 4.93 0.45 (1.2465×1016 kg) 35 173 2019 Industrial Minerals[48] [bk]
54 Xe Xenon 0.005887 3×10−5 (8.31×1011 kg) 1800 11 1999 Ullmann[26] [bl]
55 Cs Caesium 1.873 3 (8.31×1016 kg) 61800 116000 2018 USGS MCS[14] [bm]
56 Ba Barium 3.594 425 (1.177×1019 kg) 0.246–0.275 0.886–0.990 2016 USGS MYB 2016[49] [bn]
57 La Lanthanum 6.145 39 (1.08×1018 kg) 4.78–4.92 29.4–30.3 2020 SMM[51][g] [bo]
58 Ce Cerium 6.77 66.5 (1.84205×1018 kg) 4.57–4.71 30.9–31.9 2020 SMM[52][g] [bp]
59 Pr Praseodymium 6.773 9.2 (2.5484×1017 kg) 103 695 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bq]
60 Nd Neodymium 7.007 41.5 (1.14955×1018 kg) 57.5 403 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [br]
61 147Pm Promethium-147 7.26 460000 3400000 2003 Radiochemistry Society[53] [bs]
62 Sm Samarium 7.52 7.05 (1.95285×1017 kg) 13.9 104 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bt]
63 Eu Europium 5.243 2 (5.54×1016 kg) 31.4 165 2020 ISE 2020[34][ab] [bu]
64 Gd Gadolinium 7.895 6.2 (1.7174×1017 kg) 28.6 226 2020 ISE 2020[34][ab] [bv]
65 Tb Terbium 8.229 1.2 (3.324×1016 kg) 658 5410 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bw]
66 Dy Dysprosium 8.55 5.2 (1.4404×1017 kg) 307 2630 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [bx]
67 Ho Holmium 8.795 1.3 (3.601×1016 kg) 57.1 503 2020 ISE 2020[34][ab] [by]
68 Er Erbium 9.066 3.5 (9.695×1016 kg) 26.4 240 2020 ISE 2020[34][ab] [bz]
69 Tm Thulium 9.321 0.52 (1.4404×1016 kg) 3000 28000 2003 IMAR[54][ca] [cb]
70 Yb Ytterbium 6.965 3.2 (8.864×1016 kg) 17.1 119 2020 ISE 2020[34][ab] [cc]
71 Lu Lutetium 9.84 0.8 (2.216×1016 kg) 643 6330 2020 ISE 2020[34][ab] [cd]
72 Hf Hafnium 13.31 3 (8.31×1016 kg) 900 12000 2017 USGS MCS[14] [ce]
73 Ta Tantalum 16.654 2 (5.54×1016 kg) 298–312 4960–5200 2019 ISE 2019[41] [cf]
74 W Tungsten 19.25 1.3 (3.601×1016 kg) 35.3 679 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [cg]
75 Re Rhenium 21.02 7×10−4 (1.939×1013 kg) 3010–4150 63300 – 87300 2020 SMM[55][g] [ch]
76 Os Osmium 22.61 0.002 (5.54×1013 kg) 12000 280000 2016 Fastmarkets[ci]
77 Ir Iridium 22.56 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) 55500 – 56200 1250000 – 1270000 2020 SMM[58][g] [cj]
78 Pt Platinum 21.46 0.005 (1.385×1014 kg) 27800 596000 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [ck]
79 Au Gold 19.282 0.004 (1.108×1014 kg) 75430 1454441 2024 London gold fix [cl]
80 Hg Mercury 13.5336 0.085 (2.3545×1015 kg) 30.2 409 2017 USGS MCS[14] [cm]
81 Tl Thallium 11.85 0.85 (2.3545×1016 kg) 4200 49800 2017 USGS MCS[14]
82 Pb Lead 11.342 14 (3.878×1017 kg) 2.00 22.6 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [cn]
83 Bi Bismuth 9.807 0.009 (2.493×1014 kg) 6.36 62.4 2019 Preismonitor[20][s] [co]
84 209Po Polonium-209 9.32 49.2×1012 458×1012 2004[ay] CRC Handbook (ORNL)[cp]
85 At Astatine 7 3×10−20[ax] (8.31×10−4 kg) Not traded. [cq]
86 Rn Radon 0.00973 4×10−13[ax] (1.108×104 kg) Not traded. [cr]
87 Fr Francium 1.87 ~ 1×10−18[ax] (2.77×10−2 kg) Not traded. [cs]
88 Ra Radium 5.5 9×10−7[ax] (2.493×1010 kg) Negative price. [ct]
89 225Ac Actinium-225 10.07 29×1012 290×1012 2004[ay] CRC Handbook (ORNL)[cp]
90 Th Thorium 11.72 9.6 (2.6592×1017 kg) 287 3360 2010 USGS MYB 2012[63] [cu]
91 Pa Protactinium 15.37 1.4×10−6[ax] (3.878×1010 kg) No reliable price available. [cv]
92 U Uranium 18.95 2.7 (7.479×1016 kg) 101 1910 2018 EIA Uranium Marketing[65] [cw]
93 Np Neptunium 20.45 ≤ 3×10−12[ax] (8.31×104 kg) 660000 13500000 2003[ay] Pomona[66] [cx]
94 239Pu Plutonium-239 19.84 6490000 129000000 2019 DOE OSTI[67] [cy]
95 241Am Americium-241 13.69 0 728000 9970000 1998 NWA[68][cz] [da]
95 243Am Americium-243 13.69 0 750000 10300000 2004[ay] CRC Handbook (ORNL)[cp]
96 244Cm Curium-244 13.51 0 185000000 2.50×109 2004[ay] CRC Handbook (ORNL)[cp]
96 248Cm Curium-248 13.51 0 160×109 2.16×1012 2004[ay] CRC Handbook (ORNL)[cp]
97 249Bk Berkelium-249 14.79 0 185×109 2.74×1012 2004[ay] CRC Handbook (ORNL)[cp]
98 249Cf Californium-249 15.1 0 185×109 2.79×1012 2004[ay] CRC Handbook (ORNL)[cp]
98 252Cf Californium-252 15.1 0 60.0×109 906×109 2004[ay] CRC Handbook (ORNL)[cp]
99 Es Einsteinium 8.84 0 Not traded. [db]
100 Fm Fermium (9.7) 0 Not traded. [dc]
101 Md Mendelevium (10.3) 0 Not traded. [dd]
102 No Nobelium (9.9) 0 Not traded. [de]
103 Lr Lawrencium (15.6) 0 Not traded. [df]
104 Rf Rutherfordium (23.2) 0 Not traded. [dg]
105 Db Dubnium (29.3) 0 Not traded. [dh]
106 Sg Seaborgium (35.0) 0 Not traded. [di]
107 Bh Bohrium (37.1) 0 Not traded. [dj]
108 Hs Hassium (40.7) 0 Not traded. [dk]
109 Mt Meitnerium (37.4) 0 Not traded. [dl]
110 Ds Darmstadtium (34.8) 0 Not traded. [dm]
111 Rg Roentgenium (28.7) 0 Not traded. [dn]
112 Cn Copernicium (14.0) 0 Not traded. [do]
113 Nh Nihonium (16) 0 Not traded. [dp]
114 Fl Flerovium (9.928) 0 Not traded. [dq]
115 Mc Moscovium (13.5) 0 Not traded. [dr]
116 Lv Livermorium (12.9) 0 Not traded. [ds]
117 Ts Tennessine (7.2) 0 Not traded. [dt]
118 Og Oganesson (7) 0 Not traded. [du]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Density for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa.[3] For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used. Values in parentheses are theoretical predictions.
  2. ^ Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
  3. ^ Price per volume for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa, pure element. For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used.
  4. ^ Prices of hydrogen produced by distributed steam methane reforming, as predicted by H2A Production Model from United States Department of Energy,[9] assuming price of natural gas of US$3/MMBtu (US$10/MWh; US$0.10/m3). Does not include cost of storage and distribution.
  5. ^ 99.8% pure compressed deuterium gas, in lot size of 850 L (142 g). Also sold by same supplier in the form of heavy water at price of 3940 USD per kg deuterium.[12] In 2016, Iran sold 32 tons of heavy water to United States for 1336 USD per kg deuterium.[13]
  6. ^ Crude helium sold to non-government users in United States in 2018. In the same year, stockpiles of US government helium were sold on auctions for average price of US$0.00989/L.[15]
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Spot market price range on 3 February 2020.
  8. ^ Min. 99% pure.
  9. ^ Market price on 5 February 2020
  10. ^ Min. 99% pure.
  11. ^ a b c d Average price in November 2019. Data from China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.
  12. ^ In the form of boric acid, price per boron contained. Min. 99% pure.
  13. ^ In the form of anthracite, price per carbon contained, assuming 90% carbon content. There is a wide variation of price of carbon depending on its form. Lower ranks of coal can be less expensive, for example sub-bituminous coal can cost around US$0.038/kg carbon.[19] Graphite flakes can cost around US$0.9/kg carbon.[20] Price of synthetic industrial diamond for grinding and polishing can range from 1200 to 13300 USD/kg, while cost per weight of large synthetic diamonds for industrial applications can be on the order of million dollars per kilogram.[21]
  14. ^ As liquid nitrogen.
  15. ^ As liquid oxygen.
  16. ^ In the form of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, price per fluorine contained. Range of prices on Chinese market, week of 1–7 December 2017.
  17. ^ Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
  18. ^ Min 99.7% pure industrial grade sodium.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Price average for entire year 2019.
  20. ^ Min 99.9% pure.
  21. ^ High-grade primary aluminium, at London Metal Exchange warehouse.
  22. ^ Min. 99.1% pure, max. 0.4% iron, 0.4% aluminium, 0.1% calcium.[28] 10–100 mm.
  23. ^ Min. 99.9% pure yellow phosphorus.
  24. ^ As chlorine is manufactured together with sodium hydroxide in chloralkali process, relative demand for one product changes the price for the other. When demand for sodium hydroxide is relatively high, chlorine price can fall to arbitrarily low levels, even to zero.[30]
  25. ^ Liquid argon supply contract for University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
  26. ^ Min 98.5% pure industrial grade potassium.
  27. ^ Blocks of 98.5% pure calcium obtained by reduction process.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Market price on 4 February 2020
  29. ^ Min. 99.99% pure.
  30. ^ Min. 99.6% pure titanium sponge.
  31. ^ Min. 99.5% pure.
  32. ^ Min. 99.2% pure.
  33. ^ Electrolytic manganese, min. 99.7% pure.
  34. ^ L8-10 pig iron. At Tangshan, China.
  35. ^ Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
  36. ^ Primary nickel. Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
  37. ^ Spot price. Grade A.[38] At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
  38. ^ Min. 99.995% pure special high grade zinc metal. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
  39. ^ Min. 99.99% pure. Free on Board China.
  40. ^ Ingot. 50 Ω/cm.
  41. ^ Min. 99.5% pure.
  42. ^ Selenium powder, min. 99.9% pure.
  43. ^ Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
  44. ^ 100 g ampoules of 99.75% pure rubidium metal.
  45. ^ Min. 99% pure, Ex Works China.
  46. ^ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
  47. ^ Zirconium sponge, min. 99% pure.
  48. ^ Min. 99.9% pure.
  49. ^ Min. 99.95% pure.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g This element is transient – it occurs only through decay (and in the case of plutonium, also in traces deposited from supernovae onto Earth).
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j or earlier
  52. ^ The values reported are present in 85th edition of CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics[44] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition.[45]
  53. ^ In the form of medical doses of sodium pertechnetate made on-site in technetium-99m generators. Price per technetium contained. Range of prices for medical doses available in the United States. Technetium-99m has half-life of 6 hours, which limits its ability to be directly traded.
  54. ^ 99.95% pure.
  55. ^ 99.95% pure.
  56. ^ 99.95% pure. London bullion market afternoon fix. In warehouse.
  57. ^ 99.5% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
  58. ^ Ingot, min. 99.99% pure.
  59. ^ Min. 99.99% pure.
  60. ^ Min. 99.85% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
  61. ^ Ingot, min. 99.65% pure.
  62. ^ Min. 99.99% pure. Europe.
  63. ^ Min 99.5% pure. Spot market price on 2 August 2019.
  64. ^ Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
  65. ^ 1 g ampoules of 99.8% pure caesium.
  66. ^ In the form of chemical-grade barite (barium sulfate) exported from China to United States. Price per barium contained, includes cost, insurance, and freight. Barium sulfate is the primary feedstock for production of barium chemicals.[50]
  67. ^ Min. 99% pure.
  68. ^ Min. 99% pure.
  69. ^ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
  70. ^ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
  71. ^ From Periodic Table of the Elements published on website of Radiochemistry Society. There is no further information as to source or specifics of this price.
  72. ^ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
  73. ^ Min. 99.999% pure.
  74. ^ Min. 99.5% pure.
  75. ^ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
  76. ^ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
  77. ^ Min. 99.5% pure.
  78. ^ Min. 99.5% pure.
  79. ^ Source lists prices of other rare earth elements (some of which are significantly different than the ones presented in table above):
    • lanthanum – 25 USD/kg
    • cerium – 30 USD/kg
    • praseodymium – 70 USD/kg
    • neodymium – 30 USD/kg
    • samarium – 80 USD/kg
    • europium – 1600 USD/kg
    • gadolinium – 78 USD/kg
    • terbium – 630 USD/kg
    • dysprosium – 120 USD/kg
    • holmium – 350 USD/kg
    • erbium – 180 USD/kg
    • thulium – 3000 USD/kg
    • ytterbium – 484 USD/kg
    • lutetium – 4000 USD/kg
    • yttrium – 96 USD/kg
  80. ^ Price quotes from Canadian producer, for 1 kg order. 99.5–99.99% purity, Free on Board Vancouver, Canada.
  81. ^ Min. 99.99% pure.
  82. ^ Min. 99.99% pure.
  83. ^ Unwrought hafnium.
  84. ^ Min. 99.95% pure. Ex Works China.
  85. ^ Powder, particle size 2–10 μm, 99.7% pure. Free on Board China.
  86. ^ 99.99% pure.
  87. ^ Fastmarkets Price[56] and Chart[57] Creator. Mid-market price from price table. Year of latest price data (2016) read from chart. Archived: table, chart (5, 7, 50, 1200 data points)
  88. ^ 99.95% pure.
  89. ^ 99.95% pure. London bullion market morning fix. In warehouse.
  90. ^ 99.9% pure. Afternoon London gold fix.
  91. ^ Average European Union price of 99.99% pure mercury.
  92. ^ Min. 99.97% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
  93. ^ Refined bismuth, min. 99.99% pure.
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Price does not include packing costs. The values reported are present in Handbook's 85th edition[44] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition.[45]
  95. ^ Only under a tenth of microgram of astatine has ever been produced.[44] Most stable isotope has half-life of 8.1 hours.
  96. ^ Used in brachytherapy until 1960s,[59] currently radon is not used commercially.[60]
  97. ^ Only quantities of the order of millions of atoms have been obtained for research.[61] Most stable isotope, 223Fr, has half-life of 22 minutes. Francium has no commercial or medical uses.[60]
  98. ^ Radium was historically used in the treatment of cancer, but stopped being used when more effective treatments were introduced. As medical facilities had to pay for its disposal, its price can be considered negative.[62]
  99. ^ As 99.9% pure thorium oxide, price per thorium contained. Free on Board port of entry, duty paid.
  100. ^ In 1959–1961 Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority produced 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium at a cost of $500000, giving the cost of 4000000 USD per kg.[44] Periodic Table of Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory website at one point listed protactinium-231 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a price of 280000 USD/kg.[64]
  101. ^ Mainly as triuranium octoxide, price per uranium contained.
  102. ^ Periodic Table published by Pomona College Chemistry Department lists neptunium-237 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at 660 USD/g plus packing costs.
  103. ^ Certified reference material sample in the form of plutonium(IV) oxide, price per plutonium-239 contained.
  104. ^ This source also lists price of Americium-243 as 180 USD/mg, which is much higher than reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and used in this table.
  105. ^ Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in Nuclear Weapons FAQ.
  106. ^ Only microgram quantities have ever been produced.[44] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 471.7 days.
  107. ^ Only tracer amounts have ever been produced.[44][69]: 13.2.6.  Most stable known isotope has half-life of 100.5 days.
  108. ^ Only around 106 atoms have been produced in experiments.[69]: 13.3.6.  Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 days.
  109. ^ Only around 105 atoms have been produced in experiments.[69]: 13.4.6.  Most stable known isotope has half-life of 58 minutes.
  110. ^ Only around 1000 atoms have been produced in experiments.[69]: 13.5.6.  Most stable known isotope has half-life of 11 hours.
  111. ^ Only a few thousand atoms have been produced in experiments.[44] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.5 hours.
  112. ^ Atoms of dubnium have been prepared experimentally at a rate of at most one per minute.[70] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 hours.
  113. ^ Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[71] The most stable known isotope has half-life of 14 minutes.
  114. ^ Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1 minute.
  115. ^ Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 16 seconds.
  116. ^ Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
  117. ^ Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 9.6 seconds.
  118. ^ Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.1 minutes.
  119. ^ Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 seconds.
  120. ^ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
  121. ^ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1.9 seconds.
  122. ^ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.65 seconds.
  123. ^ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 53 ms.
  124. ^ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 ms.
  125. ^ As of 2015, less than ten atoms have been produced in experiments.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.7 ms.

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Index: pl ar de en es fr it arz nl ja pt ceb sv uk vi war zh ru af ast az bg zh-min-nan bn be ca cs cy da et el eo eu fa gl ko hi hr id he ka la lv lt hu mk ms min no nn ce uz kk ro simple sk sl sr sh fi ta tt th tg azb tr ur zh-yue hy my ace als am an hyw ban bjn map-bms ba be-tarask bcl bpy bar bs br cv nv eml hif fo fy ga gd gu hak ha hsb io ig ilo ia ie os is jv kn ht ku ckb ky mrj lb lij li lmo mai mg ml zh-classical mr xmf mzn cdo mn nap new ne frr oc mhr or as pa pnb ps pms nds crh qu sa sah sco sq scn si sd szl su sw tl shn te bug vec vo wa wuu yi yo diq bat-smg zu lad kbd ang smn ab roa-rup frp arc gn av ay bh bi bo bxr cbk-zam co za dag ary se pdc dv dsb myv ext fur gv gag inh ki glk gan guw xal haw rw kbp pam csb kw km kv koi kg gom ks gcr lo lbe ltg lez nia ln jbo lg mt mi tw mwl mdf mnw nqo fj nah na nds-nl nrm nov om pi pag pap pfl pcd krc kaa ksh rm rue sm sat sc trv stq nso sn cu so srn kab roa-tara tet tpi to chr tum tk tyv udm ug vep fiu-vro vls wo xh zea ty ak bm ch ny ee ff got iu ik kl mad cr pih ami pwn pnt dz rmy rn sg st tn ss ti din chy ts kcg ve
Prefix: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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