Paul Kurtz

For the German goldsmith, see Paul Kurtz (goldsmith).
Paul Kurtz
Kurtz in 1979
Born
Paul Winter Kurtz

(1925-12-21)December 21, 1925
Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
DiedOctober 20, 2012(2012-10-20) (aged 86)[1]
Amherst, New York, U.S.
Alma materNew York University (BA)
Columbia University (MA, PhD)
Era20th-century philosophy
SchoolScientific skepticism, secular humanism
Main interests
Philosophy of religion, Secularism, philosophical naturalism

Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012)[2] was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism".[3] He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, and the New School for Social Research.

Kurtz founded the publishing house Prometheus Books in 1969. He was also the founder and past chairman of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI, formerly the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP), the Council for Secular Humanism, and the Center for Inquiry. He was editor in chief of Free Inquiry magazine, a publication of the Council for Secular Humanism.

He was co-chair of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) from 1986 to 1994.[4] He was a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Humanist Laureate, president of the International Academy of Humanism and Honorary Associate of Rationalist International. As a member of the American Humanist Association, he contributed to the writing of Humanist Manifesto II.[5] He was an editor of The Humanist, 1967–78.

Kurtz published over 800 articles or reviews and authored and edited over 50 books. Many of his books have been translated into over 60 languages.[6]

Early life and education

Kurtz was born in Newark, New Jersey, into a secular Jewish family,[7][8] the son of Sara Lasser and Martin Kurtz.[9] Kurtz received his bachelor's degree from New York University, and then a master's degree and Doctor of Philosophy degree from Columbia University.[10] Kurtz was left-wing in his youth, but has said that serving in the United States Army in World War II taught him the dangers of ideology. He saw the Buchenwald and Dachau concentration camps after they were liberated, and became disillusioned with Communism when he encountered Russian slave laborers who had been taken to Nazi Germany by force but refused to return to the Soviet Union at the end of the war.[11] He was a professor at Trinity College (Connecticut) which was an Episcopal college.[12]

Kurtz, addressing the Banquet at the 1983 CSICOP Conference in Buffalo, New York

Secular humanism

Kurtz was largely responsible for the secularization of humanism.[3] Before Kurtz embraced the term "secular humanism," which had received wide publicity through fundamentalist Christians in the 1980s[citation needed], humanism was more widely perceived as a religion (or a pseudoreligion) that did not include the supernatural. This can be seen in the first article of the original Humanist Manifesto which refers to "Religious Humanists" and by Charles and Clara Potter's influential 1930 book Humanism: A New Religion.

Kurtz used the publicity generated by fundamentalist preachers to grow the membership of the Council for Secular Humanism, as well as strip the religious aspects found in the earlier humanist movement. He founded the Center for Inquiry in 1991. There are now some 40 Centers and Communities[clarification needed] worldwide, including in Los Angeles, Washington, New York City, London, Amsterdam, Warsaw, Moscow, Beijing, Hyderabad, Toronto, Dakar, Buenos Aires and Kathmandu.

In 1999, Kurtz was given the International Humanist Award by the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU). He had been a board member of IHEU between 1969 and 1994, and in a tribute by former colleague at both IHEU and the Council for Secular Humanism Matt Cherry, Kurtz was described as having "had a strong commitment to international humanism — a commitment to humanism beyond US borders never seen matched by another American. He did a lot to expand IHEU as a member of the IHEU Growth and Development Committee (with Levi Fragell and Rob Tielman) and then when he was co-chair, also with Rob and Levi. He always pushed IHEU to be bigger and bolder."[4]

In 2000, he received the International Rationalist Award by Rationalist International. In 2001, he debated Christian philosopher William Lane Craig over the nature of morality.[13][14]

Kurtz believed that the nonreligious members of the community should take a positive view on life. Religious skepticism, according to Paul Kurtz, is only one aspect of the secular humanistic outlook. In an interview with D.J. Grothe, he stated that a categorical imperative of secular humanism is "genuine concern for the well-being of other humans."[15]

At the Council of Secular Humanism's Los Angeles conference (October 7–10, 2010),[16] tension over the future of humanism was on display as Kurtz urged a more accommodationist approach to religion while his successors argued for a more adversarial approach.[17]

On May 18, 2010, he resigned from all these positions.[18] Moreover, the Center for Inquiry accepted his resignation as chairman emeritus, board member, and as editor in chief of Free Inquiry as being the culmination of a years-long "leadership transition", thanking him "for his decades of service" while also alluding to "concerns about Dr. Kurtz's day-to-day management of the organization".[19] Kurtz renewed his efforts in organized humanism by founding The Institute for Science and Human Values and its journal The Human Prospect: A NeoHumanist Perspective in June 2010.

Critique of the paranormal

Ray Hyman, Paul Kurtz, James Randi, and Ken Frazier at TAM8, July 2010, Las Vegas, after their session on the history of the modern skeptical movement

Another aspect in Kurtz's legacy is his critique of the paranormal. In 1976, CSICOP started Skeptical Inquirer, its official journal. Like Martin Gardner, Carl Sagan, Isaac Asimov, James Randi, Ray Hyman and others, Kurtz has popularized scientific skepticism and critical thinking about claims of the paranormal.

Concerning the founding of the modern skeptical movement, Ray Hyman states that in 1972, he, along with James Randi and Martin Gardner, wanted to form a skeptical group, SIR (Sanity In Research). The three of them felt they had no administration experience, saying "we just had good ideas", and were soon joined by Marcello Truzzi who provided structure for the group. Truzzi involved Paul Kurtz, and they together formed CSICOP in 1976.[20][21]

Kurtz wrote:

[An] explanation for the persistence of the paranormal, I submit, is due to the transcendental temptation. In my book by that name, I present the thesis that paranormal and religious phenomena have similar functions in human experience; they are expressions of a tendency to accept magical thinking. This temptation has such profound roots within human experience and culture that it constantly reasserts itself.[22]

In The Transcendental Temptation, Kurtz analyzes how provable are the claims of Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad, as well as the founders of religions on American soil such as Joseph Smith and Ellen White. He also evaluates the activities of the most famous modern psychics and what he believes are the fruitless researches of parapsychologists. The Transcendental Temptation is considered among Kurtz's most influential writings.[23]

He promoted what he called "Skepticism of the Third Kind," in which skeptics actively investigate claims of the paranormal, rather than just question them. He saw this type of skepticism as distinct from the "first kind" of extreme philosophical skepticism, which questions the possibility that anything can be known, as well as the "second kind" of skepticism, which accepts that knowledge of the real world is possible but is still largely a philosophical exercise.[24]

On April 19, 2007, Kurtz appeared on Penn & Teller's television show Bullshit! arguing that exorcism and satanic cults are merely "hype and paranoia".[25]

The office of Paul Kurtz at Center for Inquiry Transnational, Amherst, NY

Eupraxsophy

Kurtz coined the term eupraxsophy (originally eupraxophy) to refer to philosophies or life stances such as secular humanism, Confucianism and Taoism that do not rely on belief in the transcendent or supernatural. A eupraxsophy is a nonreligious life stance or worldview emphasizing the importance of living an ethical and exuberant life, and relying on rational methods such as logic, observation and science (rather than faith, mysticism or revelation) toward that end. The word is based on the Greek words for "good", "practice", and "wisdom". Eupraxsophies, like religions, are cosmic in their outlook but eschew the supernatural component of religion, avoiding the "transcendental temptation," as Kurtz puts it. Although critical of supernatural religion, he has attempted to develop affirmative ethical values of naturalistic humanism.[26]

The Paul Kurtz Lecture Series

In June 2010, the State University of New York at Buffalo announced the establishment of the Paul Kurtz Lecture Series. The series will bring notable speakers to the university's campus in Amherst, New York, to speak on topics relevant to the philosophy of humanism and philosophical naturalism. Kurtz had made the bequest and charitable gift annuity to the university, where he taught from 1965 to 1991, to help promote the development of critical intelligence in future generations of SUNY at Buffalo students. On November 5, 2010, the university announced that cognitive scientist Steven Pinker would inaugurate the new Paul Kurtz Lecture Series on December 2, 2010.

Paul Kurtz Institute for Science and Human Values

Paul Kurtz conceived of the Institute for Science and Human Values in 2009 as yet another branch of the umbrella group, the Center for Inquiry. Upon his resignation from the Center for Inquiry he launched the Institute for Science and Human Values as a separate entity.[27][28][29] In ISHV's first press release Kurtz said ISHV hoped to "rehumanize secularism" and "find out how to better develop the common moral virtues that we share as human beings."[18] Kurtz was editor-in-chief of ISHV's journal, The Human Prospect: A NeoHumanist Perspective.[30]

In 2019, the institute's board of directors renamed the organization as the Paul Kurtz Institute for Science and Human Values.[31]

Honors

The asteroid 6629 Kurtz was named in his honor.[32]

At a meeting of the executive council of CSI in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Kurtz was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.[33]

  • Philosopher Paul Kurtz (left) and author Martin Gardner at a CSICOP executive council meeting in 1979
    Philosopher Paul Kurtz (left) and author Martin Gardner at a CSICOP executive council meeting in 1979
  • UFO Panel at the 1983 CSICOP Conference, Buffalo, NY with Robert Sheaffer (far right)
    UFO Panel at the 1983 CSICOP Conference, Buffalo, NY with Robert Sheaffer (far right)
  • Kurtz, third from left, with CSICOP members in China, in 1988
    Kurtz, third from left, with CSICOP members in China, in 1988

Bibliography

  • The Humanist Alternative (Paul Kurtz, editor), 1973, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-013-8
  • Exuberance: An Affirmative Philosophy of Life 1978, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-293-9
  • A Secular Humanist Declaration 1980, ISBN 0-87975-149-5
  • Sidney Hook: Philosopher of Democracy and Humanism 1983, ISBN 0-87975-191-6
  • In Defense of Secular Humanism 1983, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-228-9
  • The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal, 1986 ISBN 0-87975-645-4
  • A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology (Paul Kurtz, editor), 1985, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-300-5
  • Forbidden Fruit: The Ethics of Humanism, 1988, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-455-9
  • The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge, 1992, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-766-3
  • Challenges to the Enlightenment: In Defense of Reason and Science by Paul Kurtz, et al., 1994 ISBN 0-87975-869-4
  • Living Without Religion: Eupraxophy, 1994, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-929-1
  • Toward a New Enlightenment: The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz (Tim Madigan, editor; Vern Bullough, Introduction), 1994, Transaction, ISBN 1-56000-118-6
  • The Courage to Become, 1997, Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-275-96016-1
  • Embracing the Power of Humanism, 2000, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-8476-9966-8
  • Humanist Manifesto 2000, 2000, ISBN 1-57392-783-X
  • Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm, 2001 ISBN 0-7658-0051-9
  • Science and Religion by Paul Kurtz, et al., 2003 ISBN 1-59102-064-6
  • Affirmations: Joyful And Creative Exuberance, 2004 ISBN 1-59102-265-7
  • What Is Secular Humanism?, 2006 ISBN 1-59102-499-4
  • The Turbulent Universe, 2013, Prometheus Books, ISBN 978-1-61614-735-8

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Paul Kurtz, "giant" of humanism, dead at 86". Reuters. October 22, 2012.
  2. ^ "Paul Kurtz, 1925–2012". Center For Inquiry. October 22, 2012. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  3. ^ a b "Paul Kurtz – The New Atheism and Secular Humanism". CFI. September 14, 2007.
  4. ^ a b "Paul Kurtz an extraordinary proponent of Humanism, 1925–2012". International Humanist and Ethical Union. October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  5. ^ "Humanist Manifesto II". American Humanist Association. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  6. ^ Sandhu, Ranjit & Matt Cravatta. (2004). Media-Graphy: A Bibliography of the Works of Paul Kurtz Fifty-One Years, 1952–2003. Amherst, NY: Center for Inquiry, International. ISBN 978-1-59102-273-2.
  7. ^ Woo, Elaine (October 28, 2012). "Paul Kurtz dies at 86; secular humanist philosopher". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  8. ^ Evans, Robert (October 23, 2012). "Paul Kurtz, leading advocate of secular humanism, dead at 86". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  9. ^ Kurtz, Paul; Bullough, Vern L.; Madigan, Timothy J. (1994). Toward a New Enlightenment: The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Transaction Publishers. p. x. ISBN 9781560001188.
  10. ^ Weber, Bruce (October 24, 2012). "Paul Kurtz, 86, Humanist Publisher, Dies". The New York Times. pp. B19. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  11. ^ Smith, Dinitia (June 19, 2002). "A Vigorous Skeptic Of Everything but Fact; His Target: The Paranormal on TV and in Film". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  12. ^ "Paul Kurtz Interview".
  13. ^ "Is Goodness Without God Good Enough?". Franklin & Marshall College. October 24, 2001 – via YouTube.
  14. ^ King, Nathan L. (January 16, 2009). Is Goodness without God Good Enough?: A Debate on Faith, Secularism, and Ethics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742551718.
  15. ^ Grothe, D.J. (August 14, 2009). "Paul Kurtz - A Kinder, Gentler Secularism". PointofInquiry.org. Center for Inquiry. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  16. ^ "Setting the Agenda: Secular Humanism's Next 30 Years". secularhumanism.org. 2010. Archived from the original on September 15, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. ^ Landsberg, Mitchell (October 10, 2010). "Religious Skeptics Disagree on How Aggressively to Challenge the Devout". Los Angeles Times – via LATimes.com.
  18. ^ a b Kurtz, Paul (May 18, 2010). "Apologia". PaulKurtz.net. Amherst, New York. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ^ "CFI Board accepts Paul Kurtz's resignation". centerforinquiry.net. Center for Inquiry. May 18, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
  20. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Ray Hyman – The Life of an Expert Skeptic, Part 2 – For Good Reason". James Randi Educational Foundation. January 20, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  21. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Hyman, Ray (September 30, 2012). "IIG Award:Ray Hyman 2011". YouTube. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  22. ^ Kurtz, Paul (July 2001). "A Quarter Century of Skeptical Inquiry". Skeptical Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008 – via csicop.org.
  23. ^ Karr, Barry (May 11, 2001). "Paul Kurtz to Receive Award From Univ.of Buffalo". csicop.org. Archived from the original on September 14, 2001. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  24. ^ Grothe, D. J. (March 10, 2006). "Paul Kurtz - Skepticism of the Third Kind". Point of Inquiry Podcast. Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  25. ^ "Episode 5: Exorcism". Bullshit!. Showtime.com. April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 25, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  26. ^ Cooke, Bill (2006). "Eupraxsophy". Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, & Humanism. Prometheus Books. p. 175. a set of convictions and practices offering a cosmic outlook and an ethical guide to life
  27. ^ "Board Members". ISHV. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  28. ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (October 2, 2010). "Closer Look at Rift Between Humanists Reveals Deeper Divisions". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  29. ^ "Kurtz Institute". Kurtz Institute. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  30. ^ "The Human Prospect". Kurtz Institute. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  31. ^ "Kurtz Institute". Kurtz.Institute. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  32. ^ "6629 Kurtz (1982 UP)". NASA.
  33. ^ "The Pantheon of Skeptics". CSI. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.

References

  • Madigan, Timothy J. (ed.). Promethean love: Paul Kurtz and the humanistic perspective on love. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006. xii, 327 p.
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