New Frontier Party (Japan)

New Frontier Party
新進党

Shinshintō
New Frontier Party; 新進党 Shinshintō
Founders	Toshiki Kaifu; Ichirō Ozawa
Founded	10 December 1994
Dissolved	31 December 1997
Merger of	Japan Renewal Party; Kōmeitō; Democratic Socialist Party; Japan New Party; Liberals;
Succeeded by	New Fraternity Party; Liberal Party;
Headquarters	Tokyo
Ideology	Neoconservatism (Japan); Neoliberalism; Big tent;
Colors	Red (official); Pink (customary);
	Politics of Japan; Political parties; Elections;

The New Frontier Party (新進党, Shinshintō, "New Progressive Party") (NFP) was a big tent^[3] political party in Japan founded in December 1994. As a merger of several small parties, the party was ideologically diverse,^[4] with its membership ranging from moderate social democrats to liberals and conservatives. The party dissolved in December 1997, with Ichirō Ozawa's faction forming the Liberal Party and other splinters later joining the Democratic Party of Japan in April 1998.^[5]

History

Foundation

The party was founded on 10 December 1994 by former member parties of the anti-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) opposition coalition led by Morihiro Hosokawa who had resigned in April. During the formation of the succeeding Hata cabinet, several coalition parties formed a joint parliamentary group. But at the same time, the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) and the New Party Sakigake withdrew from the eight-party coalition and left Hata without majority. In June, the LDP returned to power by striking a "grand" coalition deal with the JSP under which the Socialists would receive the prime ministership. Hata resigned before an impending no-confidence vote submitted by the LDP: In less than a year, the anti-LDP coalition had broken down. After the electoral reform initiated by the anti-LDP coalition had been passed by the new LDP-JSP coalition in November 1994, the opposition parties negotiated on creating a unified force to contest the newly introduced First-past-the-post voting single-member electoral districts that now elect the majority of the House of Representatives: In December, the Japan Renewal Party, a part of Kōmeitō which had split a few days before, the Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), the Japan New Party and the Jiyū Kaikaku Rengō [ja] ("Liberal Reform League" a federation of several small groups of Diet members who had broken away from the LDP) formed the New Frontier Party, becoming the largest single party formed in post-war Japan other than the LDP.^[5]

Internal conflicts

On 8 December 1994, the Diet members of the future party elected former LDP Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu as leader, Kaifu received 131 votes, former Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata 52 and DSP leader Takashi Yonezawa 32 votes. In 1995, Kaifu was succeeded by Ichirō Ozawa who led the party from 1995 until its dissolution in 1997. Ozawa won the leadership election among party members and registered supporters (tōyū) in December 1995 with 1,120,012 votes against Tsutomu Hata who received 566,998 votes.^[6] Ozawa was reelected just a few days before the party dissolved in a vote among NFP Diet members and delegates from NFP prefectural federations in December 1997, defeating Michihiko Kano by 230 votes to 182.^[7]

The party held onto 156 seats in the 1996 general election, losing a net four seats and failing to attack the LDP-SDP government majority, but remaining the largest opposition party.^[8] Unlike the other major, nationwide parties (mainly LDP and DPJ, the SDP was already in the advanced stages of its decline to a micro-party), In 1996, Ozawa's NFP made little use of the possibility to nominate dual candidates that stand in both the majoritarian and the proportional election at the same time under the new parallel electoral system. Thereby, the party lost a string of experienced politicians who were not "insured" by a dual candidacy on a proportional list. In total, more than 40 NFP incumbents who sought reelection lost their seats in 1996.

Dissolution and aftermath

After the New Frontier Party dissolved in 1997, its remnants collated into several small parties:^[9]

The New Peace Party (Shintō Heiwa) and the "Dawn Club" (Reimei Club) of former Kōmeitō members, these merged later in 1998 with the still existing Kōmei to re-establish the ("New") Kōmeitō,
the Liberal Party of Ichirō Ozawa which later participated in a coalition with the LDP under Keizō Obuchi, but eventually merged into the Democratic Party in 2003,
the Reform Club [ja] (Kaikaku Club) of Tatsuo Ozawa that later joined the LDP-Liberal Party-Kōmeitō coalition,
the New Fraternity Party (Shintō Yūai) of Kansei Nakano and
the "Voice of the People" (Kokumin no Koe) of Michihiko Kano.

The latter two parties immediately joined the Democratic Party in one parliamentary group (then renamed 民主友愛太陽国民連合, Minshu Yūai Taiyō Kokumin Rengō, "Democratic Fraternity Sun People's League", abbreviated as 民友連, Min'yūren). They were joined by two parties who had broken away from the NFP earlier – the Sun Party of Tsutomu Hata in 1996 and the From Five of Morihiro Hosokawa in 1997 – and another party from the former anti-LDP coalition that hadn't joined the NFP: the Minshu Kaikaku Rengō ("Democratic Reform League"). The joint parliamentary group gave the DPJ the role of leading the opposition in the Diet. Three member parties together formed the Minseitō ("Democratic" or "Good Governance Party") a few weeks later. All member parties of the parliamentary group eventually merged with the Democratic Party to form the ("New") Democratic Party of Japan in April 1998.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Ideology

In terms of policy, the New Frontier Party took a hawkish position on foreign, security policy and related constitutional matters (which had been the main dividing line between political left and right in the 1955 System) similar to the LDP, but pushed for more deregulation, decentralization and political reform. It thereby tried to attract disgruntled LDP voters who would seek for new answers to the political challenges posed in the wake of the burst bubble economy and by the dawning demographic transition. In contrast, the Democratic Party of Japan that was formed two years later to provide an alternative to the old LDP and the Ozawa-dominated NFP, took a similar stance to the NFP on economic reform, but a more dovish position on foreign policy, thereby also becoming appealing to traditional JSP voters.^[13]

Presidents of NFP

No.	Name	Image	Term of office
No.	Name	Image	Took office	Left office
Preceding parties: Renewal Party, New Kōmei Party, Democratic Socialist Party, New Party, & Jiyū Kaikaku Rengō
1	Toshiki Kaifu		8 December 1994	28 December 1995
2	Ichirō Ozawa		28 December 1995	31 December 1997
Successor parties: New Fraternity Party, Voice of the People, New Peace Party, Reimei Club, Liberal Party (1998), & Reform Club

Election results

House of Representatives

Election	Leader	Constituency			Party list			Seats	Position	Status
Election	Leader	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Seats	Position	Status
1996	Ichirō Ozawa	15,812,326	27.97	96 / 300	15,580,053	28.04	60 / 200	156 / 500	2nd	Opposition

House of Councillors

Election	Leader	Constituency			Party list			Seats		Position	Status
Election	Leader	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Election	Total	Position	Status
1995	Toshiki Kaifu	11,003,681	26.47	22 / 76	12,506,322	30.75	18 / 50	46 / 126	56 / 252	1st	Opposition

Notes

References

^ ^a ^b Kamikubo, Masato [in Japanese] (5 June 2018). 今の日本には「リベラル政党」より「極右政党」が必要な理由 [Why Japan needs a "far-right party" rather than a "liberal party" today?]. Diamond online (in Japanese). Diamond, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b Murakami, Hiroshi [in Japanese] (2009). "The changing party system in Japan 1993-2007: More competition and limited convergence" (PDF). Ritsumeikan Law Review. 26. Ritsumeikan University: 30. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b Ronald J. Hrebenar; Akira Nakamura, eds. (2014). Party Politics in Japan: Political Chaos and Stalemate in the 21st Century. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781317745976. The initial period of party system change found its first culmination in 1996 when a new catch-all party, the Shinshinto (New Frontier Party), got founded by Ozawa and others.
^ "Refuting SG-eye: 2 'Antisocial'". The Truth About SGI on the Internet. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
^ ^a ^b Gerald L. Curtis (2013). The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change. Columbia University Press. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-0-231-50254-2.
^ "Veteran Kingmaker to Lead Japan's Opposition : Politics: Ichiro Ozawa defeats rival 2 to 1 in nationwide New Frontier Party primary. Victory makes him top contender for next prime minister". Los Angeles Times. 28 December 1995.
^ "Ozawa wins re-election as Shinshinto president". The Japan Times. 18 December 1997.
^ Pradyumna P. Karan (2010). Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society. University Press of Kentucky. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-8131-3777-3.
^ Tun-Jen Cheng, Deborah A. Brown Religious Organizations And Democratization: Case Studies 2006 Page 279 "The demise of the Shinshinto into a variety of new splinter parties, including a revived Komeito (now called "New Komeito"), and increasing public dissatisfaction with the LDP-created political chaos. This situation was compounded by..."
^ "Hosokawa backs merger under DPJ". The Japan Times. 8 March 1998.
^ "Minyuren panel works to write up new DPJ's platform". The Japan Times. 16 March 1998.
^ "Executive leaders of new DPJ chosen". The Japan Times. 7 April 1998.
^ Leonard J. Schoppa (2011). The Evolution of Japan's Party System: Politics and Policy in an Era of Institutional Change. University of Toronto Press. Chapter 2, pp. 14–42: Path Dependence in the Evolution of Japan's Party System since 1993.