Moskva-class helicopter carrier

This article is about helicopter carriers. For the Moskva missile cruiser, see Slava-class cruiser. For other classes, see Moskva class.
"Soviet helicopter carrier Kiev" redirects here. For the fixed-wing carrier, see Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev. For other ships, see Kiev (ship).
Leningrad underway in 1990.
Leningrad underway in 1990.
Class overview
NameMoskva class
Operators
Succeeded by
SubclassesProject 11780
Built1962–1969
In service1967–1996
Planned3-12[1]
Completed2
Cancelled1
Retired2
General characteristics [2]
TypeHelicopter cruiser
Displacement
  • 11,920 tons standard
  • 15,280 tons full load
Length189 m (620 ft)
Beam34 m (112 ft)
Draught7.7 m (25 ft)
Propulsion2 × 45000 hp TV-12 steam turbines, 2 × fixed pitch propellers, 2 × 1500 kW TD-1500 turbine-type generators, 2 × 1500 kW diesel-generators
Speed28.5 knots (53 km/h)
Range9,000 nautical miles (16,668 km) at 15 knots (28 km/h)
Endurance15 days
Complement850
Sensors and
processing systems
  • MR-600 'Voskhod'/MR-310 'Angara-A' air/surface radar
  • 'Don' navigation radar
  • 'Gurzuf'/'Gurzuf-1' ESM radar system
  • MRP-11-16 'Zaliv' ESM radar system
  • 'Kremniy-2M' IFF
  • ARP-50 radio direction finder
  • MG-342 'Orion' or MG-325 'Vega' sonar
  • MG-26 'Khosta' underwater communication system
  • MVU-201 'Koren-1123' combat information control system
Armament
Aircraft carried18 × Kamov Ka-25 'Hormone' or Mi-8 helicopters
Aviation facilitiesHangar deck

The Moskva class, Soviet designation Project 1123 Kondor (condor) and S-703 Project 1123M Kiev, was the first class of operational aircraft carriers (helicopter cruisers in the Soviet classification) built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy.[3]

These ships were laid down at Nikolayev South (Shipyard No.444). The lead vessel was launched in 1965 and named Moskva (Russian: Москва, lit. 'Moscow'); she entered service two years later. Moskva was followed by Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград, lit. 'Leningrad', which was commissioned in late 1968; there were no further vessels built, reportedly due to the poor handling of the ships in rough seas. Both were conventionally powered.

The Moskvas were not true "aircraft carriers" in that they did not carry any fixed-wing aircraft; the air wing was composed entirely of helicopters. They were designed primarily as anti-submarine warfare (ASW) vessels, and her weapons and sensor suite was optimized against the nuclear submarine threat. Their strategic role was to defend the Soviet ballistic missile submarine bastions against incursions by Western attack submarines, forming the flagships of an ASW task force.[4]

Design

The operational requirement was issued by Admiral Sergey Gorshkov in 1959. The aim of the ships was to counter NATO Polaris submarines and act as a flagship for anti-submarine warfare. Initially it was hoped to operate ten helicopters from an 8000-ton ship. The design evolved into a larger vessel capable of operating up to 14 helicopters with self defence armament.[4]

Armament

Shipboard ASW armament included a twin SUW-N-1 launcher capable of delivering a FRAS-1 projectile carrying a 450-millimetre (18 in) torpedo (or a 5 kiloton nuclear warhead); a pair of RBU-6000 ASW mortars; and a set of torpedo tubes. For self-defence, the Moskvas had two twin SA-N-3 surface-to-air missile (SAM) launchers with reloads for a total of 48 surface-to-air missiles, along with two twin 57 mm (2.2 in) /80 guns.[4]

Propulsion

Gas turbines were considered but were as yet untried in such a large vessel. Instead a high pressure steam plant similar to that used by the Kynda-class cruisers was used. The machinery of Moskva had severe problems and had to be rebuilt in 1973 following a fire. Operational performance was disappointing with a practical maximum speed of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) and 24-knot (44 km/h; 28 mph) maximum sustainable speed. Sea keeping was also disappointing.

Ships

Moskva off the Moroccan coast in January 1970.
A port-quarter fantail view of Leningrad.

Both vessels were part of the Black Sea Fleet. Leningrad was retired in 1991 and Moskva in 1996. Leningrad was scrapped in 1995 and Moskva in 1997. A third ship to be named Kiev was cancelled in 1969, which was to have been an anti-surface warfare vessel. The Moskva class was succeeded by the larger Kiev class.

Name Namesake Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Fate
Moskva City of Moscow Soviet Shipyard No. 444, Mykolaiv 15 December 1962 14 January 1965 25 December 1967 Broken up at Alang, 1997
Leningrad City of Leningrad 15 January 1965 31 July 1968 2 June 1969 Broken up, Greece, 1995
Kiev City of Kiev December 1967 — — Cancelled 1969

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "StackPath".
  2. ^ "Project 1123 Kondor". russianships.info. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  3. ^ Jordan, John, 'Soviet Warships 1945 to Present', Revised & Expanded Edition, ISBN 1-85409-117-4, Published by Arms & Armour Press (London, UK), 1992
  4. ^ a b c Suciu, Peter (2023-12-23). "Moskva-Class: Russia's Aircraft Carrier That Really Isn't An Aircraft Carrier". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 2024-08-19. Retrieved 2024-10-06.

    As a result, the Moskva-class shouldn't be seen as an "aircraft carrier" in the traditional sense, as it wasn't designed to carry any fixed-wing aircraft. Instead its air wing was composed entirely of helicopters. The vessels were also designed primarily for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) role – to counter the NATO Polaris submarines – and to act as flagship for other ASW warships. As such the weapons and sensor suite was fully optimized against a nuclear submarine threat.

    Moreover, instead of serving as part of the nation's force projection, the Soviet doctrine called for the warships to serve in a strategic role that included defending the Soviet ballistic missile submarine bastions against incursions by Western attack submarines.

Sources