Popovic received a Dipl. of Electrical Engineering from the University of Belgrade in his native Serbia in 1990. He then earned his Ph.D in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Toronto in 1996.[1] His Ph.D thesis was on Friction modelling and control, under supervision of Andrew Goldenberg.[2]
Career
Academic work
In July 2001, Popovic established The Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (REL) at the Lyndhurst Centre of Toronto Rehabilitation Institute. The laboratory supports multiple research groups, under supervision of 6 principal investigators, including the Popovic lab. In 2018, Popovic was appointed TRI's Director of Research. He is also the leader of the Neural Engineering and Therapeutics research team at iDAPT (Intelligent Design for Adaptation, Participation, and Technology), which works on translation of rehabilitative research info advanced therapeutic tools.[3]
Functional electrical stimulation
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) uses bursts of short electrical pulses to generate muscle contraction. Application of these electrical pulses to motor nerves results in generation of an action potential along the axon of that nerve towards its targeted muscle.[4] With electrodes placed on the skin over the muscle, individuals attempt to move their muscle by sending a signal with their brain to the muscle. The muscle is then stimulated by the system, causing a contraction which sends a signal from the muscle to the brain. Thus, a new neural pathway is formed, which improves recovery of voluntary movement.[5]
Popovic has led studies investigating the use of FES in the rehabilitation of muscular function for stroke victims with extremely limited arm and hand mobility in comparison with conventional therapy. One of the best-known publications is "Rehabilitation of Reaching and Grasping Function in Severe Hemiplegic Patients Using Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy", conducted in 2008. Electrical impulses to activate muscles were used in combination with verbal cues, and over the course of the treatment period, less FES was necessary to achieve the desired movements. Patients using FES in the study showed significant improvement in object manipulation, palmar grip torque, and pinch grip pulling force when compared to those using only conventional therapy.[6]
Brain-machine interfaces
Popovic is involved in the development of various brain-machine interfaces (BMI) for use in humans, using implantable electrocorticographic (ECoG) and surface electroencephalographic (EEG) electrode. A neuroprosthesis study conducted using ECoG achieved high accuracy in producing intended grasp-and-release functionality in the hand.[7] Real-time asynchronous control of a remote-controlled car was achieved using a single EEG electrode to eliminate restrictions related to information transfer rates.[8] Work within this field tests the feasibility and functionality of using invasive and non-invasive physiological signals to improve implementation of FES as a rehabilitation method.
Compex Motion simulator
Popovic developed Compex Motion, a portable and programmable system used for transcutaneous FES, in collaboration with Swiss company Compex SA. The stimulator can be programmed to generate a variety of stimulation sequences, can be connected to other systems to increase channel capabilities, and can be controlled externally. The device can be used in the development of neuroprostheses, and muscle exercise systems.[9] This work provided the foundation for the use of FES in SCI rehabilitation.
Industry
In 2008, Popovic co-founded medical technology company MyndTec based on the FES system that has been a focus of his research. The firm develops MyndMove, a transcutaneous FES therapy to improve function and maximize independence for patients with stroke- and spinal-cord injury-related paralysis.[5]
Professional activities
In 2004, he was a co-founder of the Canadian National Spinal Cord Injury Conference, and since acts as a co-chair for the annual event.[1] As part of his work with iDAPT, he also contributed to the Spinal Cord Injury: A Manifesto for Change.[10]
Masani, Kei; Popovic, Milos R.; Nakazawa, Kimitaka; Kouzaki, Motoki; Nozaki, Daichi (December 2003). "Importance of Body Sway Velocity Information in Controlling Ankle Extensor Activities During Quiet Stance". Journal of Neurophysiology. 90 (6): 3774–3782. doi:10.1152/jn.00730.2002. PMID12944529.
Masani, Kei; Vette, Albert H.; Popovic, Milos R. (February 2006). "Controlling balance during quiet standing: Proportional and derivative controller generates preceding motor command to body sway position observed in experiments". Gait & Posture. 23 (2): 164–172. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.01.006. PMID16399512.
Thrasher, T. Adam; Zivanovic, Vera; McIlroy, William; Popovic, Milos R. (November 2008). "Rehabilitation of Reaching and Grasping Function in Severe Hemiplegic Patients Using Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 22 (6): 706–714. doi:10.1177/1545968308317436. PMID18971385. S2CID7016540.
Thrasher, T.A.; Popovic, M.R. (July 2008). "Functional electrical stimulation of walking: Function, exercise and rehabilitation". Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique. 51 (6): 452–460. doi:10.1016/j.annrmp.2008.05.006. PMID18602712.
Vette, Albert H.; Masani, Kei; Popovic, Milos R. (2008). "Neural-mechanical feedback control scheme can generate physiological ankle torque fluctuation during quiet standing: A comparative analysis of contributing torque components". 2008 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. pp. 660–665. doi:10.1109/cca.2008.4629657. ISBN978-1-4244-2222-7. S2CID18927885.
Popovic, Milos R.; Kapadia, Naaz; Zivanovic, Vera; Furlan, Julio C.; Craven, B. Cathy; McGillivray, Colleen (June 2011). "Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy of Voluntary Grasping Versus Only Conventional Rehabilitation for Patients With Subacute Incomplete Tetraplegia: A Randomized Clinical Trial". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 25 (5): 433–442. doi:10.1177/1545968310392924. PMID21304020. S2CID27629343.
Yoshida, Takashi; Masani, Kei; Sayenko, Dimitry G.; Miyatani, Masae; Fisher, Joseph A.; Popovic, Milos R. (January 2013). "Cardiovascular Response of Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury to Dynamic Functional Electrical Stimulation Under Orthostatic Stress". IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 21 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2211894. PMID22899587. S2CID35029907.
Milosevic, Matija; Masani, Kei; Kuipers, Meredith J.; Rahouni, Hossein; Verrier, Mary C.; McConville, Kristiina M.V.; Popovic, Milos R. (June 2015). "Trunk control impairment is responsible for postural instability during quiet sitting in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury". Clinical Biomechanics. 30 (5): 507–512. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.002. PMID25812727.
^L., Baker, Lucinda (2000). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation : a practical guide. Los Amigos Research & Education Institute, Inc. ISBN0967633508. OCLC43624410.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Thrasher, T. Adam; Zivanovic, Vera; McIlroy, William; Popovic, Milos R. (November 2008). "Rehabilitation of Reaching and Grasping Function in Severe Hemiplegic Patients Using Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 22 (6): 706–714. doi:10.1177/1545968308317436. PMID18971385. S2CID7016540.
