Mexican hat dance

Stained glass window entitled "El Jarabe Tapatio" (The Jarabe Dance from Guadalajara) designed by Roberto Montenegro and Xavier Guerrero in the 1920s at the Museo de la Luz in the historic center of Mexico City

The Mexican hat dance, also known as Jarabe Tapatío, is the national dance of Mexico.[1] It originated as a courtship dance in Guadalajara, Jalisco, during the 19th century, although its elements can be traced back to the Spanish zambra and jarabe gitano, which were popular during the times of the viceroyalty.[2] Female dancers traditionally wear a china poblana outfit, while the male dancers dress as charros, and their steps are characterized by flirtatiously stepping around the brim of their partner's hat.[3][4]

The standard music of the jarabe tapatío was composed by Jesús González Rubio in the 19th century. However, its more common instrumental arrangement dates from the 1920s.[5] Sometimes it is confused with La Raspa, another Mexican dance. Nowadays, its music is most commonly performed by either mariachi groups or string ensembles.

History

Jarabe dancers at Cinco de Mayo celebrations in Los Angeles, 1952.
Mexican Evening at Xcaret
Jarabe tapatío in the traditional china poblana dress.

The word jarabe (from Arabic xarab), meaning "syrup", denotes the combination of various Mexican musics (sones) and dances (zapateados).[6] The word Tapatío meaning "someone or something from Guadalajara" is the popular demonym of the city of Guadalajara in Jalisco province and reflects the origin of this particular jarabe.[1] A number of other dances known as jarabes are known to have existed in the 18th and 19th centuries, such as the jarabe de Jalisco, the jarabe de atole and the jarabe moreliano, but the tapatío version is by far the best known.[6] Most of these other jarabes differ from the tapatío in terms of their regional origin throughout Mexico.[4] This is because overall, jarabe is considered much more of a musical and folk dance genre, as opposed to one rigid definition.[7] There is some dispute as to the jarabe tapatío's authenticity as folk dance. Music researcher Nicolás Puentes Macías from Zacatecas states that true jarabes are almost extinct in Mexico, found today only in small fractions of Zacatecas and Jalisco, and that the jarabe tapatío is really a form of a dance called "tonadilla".[8] In addition to this, the dance's origins are also somewhat disputed, either being wholly indigenous or Hispanic in nature[9][7] Some academics tend to stick to one narrative or the other, but across the board the dance is considered a truly Mestizo creation.[4]

The earliest evidence of the dance comes from the late 18th century. It was originally danced by female couples in order to avoid the disapproval of the church. Shortly before the Mexican War of Independence, mixed couples began to perform it, with a public performance at the Coliseo Theater in 1790 in Mexico City.[1][10] Shortly after that performance, the jarabe was banned by colonial and religious authorities "under the severe penalties of excommunication, some ducats of penalty and lots of stripes, to any person that compose or sing or dance"[4] as it was considered to be morally offensive and a challenge to Spain's control over the territory. However, this only served to make the dance more popular as a form of protest and rebellion, with people holding illegal dances in public squares and neighborhood festivals.[1] It became symbolic of the Mexican peoples dissent.[4][1]

Just after Independence, the jarabe and other dances grew and spread in popularity even more, with colonial-era restrictions lifted. After the exit of the Spanish colonial power, there was a sort of "musical vacuum" in the country, now without the overbearing presence of the "superior" Iberian musical styles. This left space for new forms of nationalistic music of Mexican creation to shine through and gain new popularity[1] People celebrated the end of the war in 1821 with large fiestas, which prominently featured the jarabe. Jarabe and other folk dances came to be seen as part of Mexico's emerging identity as a country. It became more than a dance, but a shining symbol of Mexican nationalism, coinciding perfectly with the new ruling governments push for a nationally cohesive and united mestizo population.[11][4] The jarabe would maintain various regional forms, but that associated with Guadalajara gained national status, becoming not only popular in that city but also in Mexico City as well, as a dance for the elite around the 1860s.[1][10] Around the same time, Guadalajara music professor Jesús González Rubio composed a standard melody for it as a symbol of national unity, leading the dance to become the "national dance" of Mexico and the melody to gain wide popular recognition.[1][6] By the Mexican Revolution, it had become popular with the lower classes as well.[1] It became internationally famous after Russian dancer Anna Pavlova added it to her permanent repertoire after visiting Mexico in 1919.[6][7]

There are multiple instances of Jarabe tapatío performances in Mexican movies that help further show its impact on Mexican pop culture.[12] Most Notably, Fernando de Fuentes's 1936 Allá en el Rancho Grande (Over on the Big Ranch) features a musical number and dance scene where the actors perform the Jarabe tapatío. Camera angles throughout the performance showcase he dancers skill first off, but the delight, pleasure and astonishment in the crowd as they watch the nationalistic dance.[13]

The jarabe remained in vogue in Mexico until about 1930, especially in Mexico City.[6] It remains taught in nearly every grade school in Mexico.[1]

Performance

Rubio's music for the dance, as played by a string quartet.
Jarabe dancers at Yale University

The dance represents the courtship of a man and a woman, with the woman first rejecting the man's advances, then eventually accepting them.[10] It has a definite sexual component in metaphor, which was the original reason for disapproval by authorities.[1]

As the dance has lost its controversial status and gained status as a representative of Mexico, the dancers have come to wear garb that is also highly representative of Mexican women and men.[10] For women, the most traditional outfit is called the "China Poblana."[6][14] The blouse and skirt combination is named after a woman from India who came to Mexico on the Manila Galleon to work as a servant in the early 19th century. Her Asian dress was copied and then adapted in the State of Puebla, with the skirt now heavily embroidered and otherwise decorated with patriotic images. The traditional outfit for men is that of the charro, generally heavily decorated in silver trim.[1][6]

The music played to accompany the dance was written to be danced to and is played either by mariachi bands or by bands playing only string instruments such as various types of guitars, harps and violin.[1][8]

Contemporary adaptations

Within Mexican communities in the US, troops of Jarabe tapatío performers are becoming more and more common. Dancers are presented with opportunities to reconnect and engage with their Mexican heritage and/or citizenship abroad through the performance of the dance.[15][3]

The popularity of the composition by Jesús González Rubio has led it to be used in many forms of media. For example, in The Simpsons TV series it is used to reference the Bumblebee Man, a stereotypical Mexican character. In the United Kingdom, the tune was used in adverts for Morrisons, primarily in the 1980s and 1990s, and some adverts in the mid-2000s. The supermarket's slogan and jingle at that time, 'More reasons to shop at Morrisons', had its tune derived from the jarabe's melody, which was used in all adverts in these eras. Morrisons revived the jingle and slogan in their advertising in summer 2023. The tune is also known to be popularly used for Yakko's World, a song from Animaniacs in which the character list countries of the world from the early 1990s [16] and as a polyphonic ringtone on Nokia mobile phones in the 1990s and 2000s

A jarabe also appears in Aaron Copland's ballet Billy the Kid, played in 5
8 time, the tune on a solo trumpet (with orchestral accompaniment).[17]

  • El jarabe tapatío starts the dance by dancing around a sombrero.
    El jarabe tapatío starts the dance by dancing around a sombrero.
  • Jarabe Tapatío dancers
    Jarabe Tapatío dancers
  • Folkloric Ballet Aztlan performing Jarabe Tapatio.
    Folkloric Ballet Aztlan performing Jarabe Tapatio.
  • Mexicans dancing jarabe tapatío in Guadalajara, Mexico.
    Mexicans dancing jarabe tapatío in Guadalajara, Mexico.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pedelty, Mark (2004). Musical Ritual in Mexico City : From the Aztec to NAFTA. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-0-292-70231-8.
  2. ^ Shay, Anthony; Sellers-Young, Barbara (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity. Oxford University Press. p. 412. ISBN 978-0-19-049393-6.
  3. ^ a b "Undergraduate Research Journal 14th Edition". UC Riverside Undergraduate Research Journal Submit. 14 (1). 2020. doi:10.5070/rj5141049305. ISSN 2639-4103.
  4. ^ a b c d e f González Ruiz, Raymundo (2015). "The Basic Steps in the Jarabe Tapatío (Mexican Hat Dance): A Review Through Its Notation" (PDF). International Council of Kinetography Laban. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Biennial ICKL Conference (1013–4468): 107–110 – via UNESCO.
  5. ^ Tatum, Charles M. (2013). Encyclopedia of Latino Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 966. ISBN 978-1-4408-0099-3.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g José Luis Ovalle. "Jarabe Tapatío" [(Mexican hat dance)] (in Spanish). Chicago: The Mexican Folkloric Dance Company of Chicago. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  7. ^ a b c Prokosch Kurath, Gertrude (September 1956). "Dance Relatives of Mid-Europe and Middle America: A Venture in Comparative Choreology". The Journal of American Folklore. 69 (273, Slavic Folklore: A Symposium): 286–298.
  8. ^ a b Arreola, Gerardo (September 19, 2007). "El jarabe tapatío ni es jarabe ni es tapatío: Nicolás Puentes Macías" [The jarabe tapat+io is not jarabe or from Guadalajara: Nicolás Puentes Macías]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  9. ^ Saavedra, Leonora (Spring 2015). "Carlos Chávez's Polysemic Style: Constructing the National, Seeking the Cosmopolitan". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 68 (1): 99–150.
  10. ^ a b c d "El Jarabe Tapatío (Jalisco)" [(Mexican hat dance)Jalisco]. The Mexico Desconocido magazine (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  11. ^ Montoya, Marissa. 2018. "Dancing a Shared History: The Lasting Implications of Spanish Colonization for Contemporary Mexican and Filipino Dance" University of California, Riverside Capstone.
  12. ^ Garcia, Desirée J. (Fall 2010). ""The Soul of a People": Mexican Spectatorship and the Transnational Comedia Ranchera". Journal of American Ethnic History. 30 (1): 72–98.
  13. ^ Avila, Jacqueline (2012). "Juxtaposing teatro de revista and cine: Music in the 1930s comedia ranchera". Journal of Film Music. 5 (1/2): 121–126 – via Pro Quest.
  14. ^ Mulholland, Mary-Lee (2013). "A Beautiful Thing: Mariachi and Femininity in Jalisco, Mexico". Anthropologica. 55 (2): 359–372 – via JSTOR.
  15. ^ Olvera, Monica L. 2015. "An Oregonian Jarabe: Danza Folklórica and Mexicana Mothers" Oregon State University.
  16. ^ Victor, Daniel (2016-04-13). "The 'Animaniacs' Voices Are Reuniting. Yes, There's a New Verse to 'Yakko's World.'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  17. ^ Elizabeth Bergman Crist (Dec 11, 2008). Music for the Common Man: Aaron Copland during the Depression and War. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-19-988880-1.