Melanoleuca is a poorly known genus of saprotrophicmushrooms traditionally classified in the family Tricholomataceae. Most are small to medium sized, white, brown, ocher or gray with a cylindrical to subcylindricalstipe and white to pale yellowish gills. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and ornamented with amyloid warts.[3][4][5]Melanoleuca is considered a difficult group to study due to their macroscopic similarities among species and the need of a thorough microscopic analysis to separate species.[6]DNA studies have determined that this genus is closely related to Amanita and Pluteus and that it does not belong to the family Tricholomataceae.[7][8]
Etymology
The name of the genus is derived from the Ancient Greekmelano- meaning "black", and leukos meaning "white".
Description
General
As a genus Melanoleuca is quite distinctive, and it is not very hard to recognize a mushroom which belongs to it on sight. However the identification of its individual species is difficult due to a lack of clear macroscopic features; the delimiting characters used in descriptions and keys are such properties as the shape of cheilocystidia (if any are present), the size and ornamentation of the spores, and the structure of the pileipellis. Furthermore these characters may be very variable and overlap between taxa or depend on personal experience. Mycologists have up to now had considerable difficulty in establishing a widely accepted classification below the genus level.[9]
One recent paper dedicated to these mushrooms describes them as "one of the less appealing fungal genera" and "mostly tedious and drab in appearance and dull in pileus colours".[9]
Macroscopic characters
The fruit bodies of Melanoleuca are small to medium size (pileus 10–120 mm in diameter). The pileus is convex, often becoming depressed at the center, and is usually non-viscous and white, brown, ocher, or grey. The gills are adnexed, sinuate, adnate, or subdecurrent, white to yellowish. The stipe is central, cylindrical or slightly swollen at the base, dry and longitudinally striate. There is no veil. Odor and taste are usually indistinctive, mild, fungoid, sweet, or rancid. The spore print is white to pale yellowish.[4][5]
The spores of Melanoleuca are 7.0–11.0 x 4.0–6.0 μm, thin-walled, ellipsoid, amyloid with ornamented warts. They look very similar to the spores of Leucopaxillus, however, Melanoleuca spores present a plage. Basidia are usually 4-spored, cylindrical to clavate. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia may be present or absent; if present they are urticoid and thin-walled or fusiform to lageniform and thick-walled. They can have crystals incrusted at the apex. Cystidia are very important to separate species within this genus. The pileipellis is a trichoderm, sometimes a cutis. The hymenophoraltrama is parallel. Clamp connections are absent in all parts of the fruit body.[4][5]
Classification and phylogeny
DNA studies have confirmed Melanoleuca as monophyletic (and definitely separate from genus Leucopaxillus, which is morphologically similar and previously thought to be allied).[9]
Other phylogenetic studies based on molecular characters have shown that Melanoleuca does not belong to the Tricholomataceae.[7][8] Moncalvo et al.[7] presented a molecular phylogeny of the Agaricales based on LSU ribosomal RNA sequence data, including sequences of M. alboflavida and M. cognata. In this phylogeny Melanoleuca was clustered with Pluteus but with low bootstrap support.
Matheny et al.[8] performed a phylogenetic analysis of the Agaricales based on six-gene regions, including sequences of M. verrucipes. In this analysis Melanoleuca, Pluteus and Volvariella were recovered as a monophyletic group and closely related with the aquatic gasteromyceteLimnoperdon. These three genera together with members of the Amanitaceae and Pleurotaceae conformed the Pluteoid clade. Garnica et al.[10] and Binder et al.[11] recovered a similar topology with Pluteus, Volvariella and Melanoleuca as a monophyletic group. Justo et al. performed a molecular phylogeny of the family Pluteaceae and found Melanoleuca to be the sister group to a clade composed of Pluteus and Volvopluteus.[12] This clade was poorly supported in their analysis.[12]
Murrill[18] published the description of 119 species from North America, those species were revisited by Pfister[19] who concluded that only six belong in Melanoleuca, while the rest belong to other genera as Clitocybe or Tricholoma. Singer[4] considered 48 species worldwide, while Bon[5] recognized 65 species from Europe. Kirk et al.[20] consider about 50 species worldwide.
Melanoleuca cognata (Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. pileus brown to ochre with gills showing a distinct ochre to pinkish color. It is reported to be edible.[13][16]
Melanoleuca evenosa (Sacc.) Konrad is a species usually found in coniferous forests, and often synonymized with M. subalpina and M. strictipes, it has a whitish pileus and lageniform cystidia.[13]
Melanoleuca excissa (Fr.) Singer with urticoid and septate cystidia, often with crystals at the apex.[6]
Melanoleuca melaleuca (Pers.) Murrill has been a very controversial species; some authors recognize this taxon as having cystidia, while some recognized it as not having cystidia. Fontenla et al.[24] put end to this discussion designating a neotype with cystidia.
Melanoleuca polioleuca (Fr.) Kühner & Maire has been incorrectly named M. melaleuca. It has fusiform to lageniform cystidia.[22][a]
^Métrod G. (1948). "Essai sur le genre Melanoleuca Patouillard emend". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France. 64: 141–165.
^ abcdefgSinger R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Koenigstein Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN3-87429-254-1.
^ abcdBon M. "Flore mycologique d'Europe, 2 - Les Tricholomes et ressemblants". Documents Mycologiques Mémoire Hors Series (in French). 2 (ii): 1–163.
^ abcdeBoekhout T. (1988). "Notulae ad floram agaricinam neerlandicam- XVI. New taxa, new combinations in Melanoleuca Pat. and notes on rare species in the Netherlands". Persoonia. 13 (4): 397–431.
^ abcVizzini A, Para R, Fontenla R, Ghignone S, Ercole E (2011). "A preliminary ITS phylogeny of Melanoleuca (Agaricales), with special reference to European taxa". Mycotaxon. 118 (2): 361–381. doi:10.5248/118.361. hdl:2318/91488.
^Garnica S, Weiss M, Walther G, Oberwinkler F (2007). "Reconstructing the evolution of agarics from nuclear gene sequences and basidiospore ultrastructure". Mycological Research. 111 (9): 1019–1029. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.019. PMID18022533.
^Binder M, Larsson KH, Matheny PB, Hibbett DS (2010). "Amylocorticiales ord. nov. and Jaapiales ord. nov.: early diverging clades of agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms". Mycologia. 102 (4): 865–880. doi:10.3852/09-288. PMID20648753. S2CID23931256.
^ abcdeVesterholt J. (2012). "Melanoleuca". In Knudsen H.; et al. (eds.). Funga nordica: agaricoid, boletoid and cyphelloid genera (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. pp. 477–481. ISBN9788798396130.
^ abGuzmán G. (1982). "New species of fungi form the Yucatan peninsula". Mycotaxon. 16 (1).
^Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 57. ISBN978-1-55407-651-2.
^ abBessette AE, Fischer D, Bessette AR (1997). Mushrooms of northeastern North America (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN978-0815603887.
^Murrill WA. "Melanoleuca". North American Flora. 10: 3–32.
^Pfister J. (1984). "Etudes des types de Peck et de Murrill appartenant ou ayant appartenu au genre Melanoleuca". Mycotaxon (in French). 19: 101–132.
^Kirk P, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI. ISBN9780851998268.
^Gillman LS, Miller OK Jr (1977). "A study of the boreal, alpine, and arctic species of Melanoleuca". Mycologia. 69 (5): 927–951. doi:10.2307/3758777. JSTOR3758777.
^ abWatling R, Turnbull E (1998). British fungus flora. Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden. ISBN978-1872291826.
