Melanocorypha

Melanocorypha
Calandra lark (Melanocorypha calandra)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Alaudidae
Genus:	Melanocorypha F. Boie, 1828
Type species
Alauda tatarica[1] Pallas, 1773
Species
M. calandra M. bimaculata M. maxima M. mongolica M. yeltoniensis

Melanocorypha is a small genus of birds in the lark family. The current genus name, Melanocorypha is from Ancient Greek melas, "black", and koruphos a term used by ancient writer for a now unknown bird, but here confused with korudos, "lark".[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

Established by Friedrich Boie in 1828, the genus Melanocorypha has five extant and at least three extinct species.

Extant species

There are five species recognized in the genus:[3]

Image	Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
	Melanocorypha bimaculata	Bimaculated lark	Turkey into central Asia
	Melanocorypha calandra	Calandra lark	the Mediterranean and eastwards through Turkey into northern Iran and southern Russia
	Melanocorypha yeltoniensis	Black lark	south-eastern Russia and Kazakhstan.
	Melanocorypha mongolica	Mongolian lark	southern Russia and Mongolia to central China
	Melanocorypha maxima	Tibetan lark	Tibetan plateau from north-western India to central China

Extinct species

There is at least three fossil species included in this genus:

• †Melanocorypha serdicensis (late Miocene from Hrabarsko, Bulgaria)[4]
• †Melanocorypha donchevi (late Pliocene from Varshets, Bulgaria)[4]
• †Melanocorypha minor (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary)[5]

Former species

Formerly, some authorities classified the following species as belonging to the genus Melanocorypha:

• Thick-billed lark (as Melanocorypha clot-bey)[6]
• Bar-tailed lark (as Melanocorypha cinctura)[7]
• White-winged lark (as Melanocorypha leucoptera or Melanocorypha sibirica)[8]

Description

Melanocorypha larks are large, robust birds, 16.5–20 cm long with strong thick bills. Some have the typically undistinguished lark plumage, mainly streaked greyish-brown above and white below, but the, black and white-winged larks have distinctive male plumages. Several species have large black patches on the breast sides.

In flight they show broad wings and a shortish tail. The songs of most species are like that of the skylark.

Distribution and habitat

The members of Melanocorypha occur mainly in temperate Asia from Turkey through central Asia to China, but the calandra lark also has an extensive European distribution around the Mediterranean. These larks are mostly partially migratory, moving relatively short distances from the coldest parts of their ranges. Several species are very rare vagrants to western Europe.

These are birds of open cultivation, steppe or semi-desert. They nest on the ground and the young are precocial. The food is seeds supplemented with insects especially in the breeding season. They are gregarious outside the breeding season.

References

1. "Alaudidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
2. Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
3. "Nicators, reedling & larks « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
4. Boev, Z. 2012. Neogene Larks (Aves: Alaudidae (Vigors, 1825)) from Bulgaria - Acta zoologica bulgarica, 64 (3), 2012: 295-318.
5. Kessler, E. 2013. Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. – Hantkeniana, Budapest, 2013, 8: 37-149.
6. "Ramphocoris clotbey - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
7. "Ammomanes cinctura - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
8. "Alauda leucoptera - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-04.