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Marshlands Conservancy
Marshlands Conservancy is a 147-acre nature preserve in the city of Rye, New York, fully owned and operated by Westchester County Parks.[3] It has numerous wildlife habitats, ranging from ponds to creeks to a large meadow area, succession forest, freshwater wetlands, and the only extensive salt marsh in Westchester.[4] It borders Long Island Sound and can be entered via an easement on the historic Boston Post Road. It is one of 5 properties that together constitute the Boston Post Road Historic District, the only National Historic Landmark District in Westchester County. It has high archaeological sensitivity. The conservancy has also been designated an Important Bird Area.  MissionThe park is a "rare expanse of undeveloped land along the Sound" "dedicated to providing undisturbed habitat for wildlife and a peaceful oasis for people to discover and understand the their natural environment."[5]
Early historyArchaeological evidence supports the presence of a vibrant Indigenous peoples population at the location for thousands of years. Findings include the identification of pre-contact deposits from the Archaic and Woodland periods.[6][7] Elements of the land, such as the field, were regularly cleared in the 1600s by colonial residents. Prior to that, it is believed that Indigenous stewards cleared brush to prevent reforestation and facilitate hunting and agriculture.[8] Immediately prior to its 20th century partitioning, the Conservancy land was part of two neighboring estates: the Jay Estate, owned by Founding Father John Jay and his descendants between 1745 and 1905; this parcel was 400 acres in size.[9] Another portion of the conservancy was originally part of neighboring Lounsbury owned by the Parsons family as far back as the early 1800s.  Modern history (1966–present)The nature preserve, initially named the Devereux Reservation or Conservancy,[10] came into being through two separate real estate donations in 1966 and again in 1977. The initial gift consisted of 120 acres from Zilph Palmer Devereux to Westchester County,[11] made on November 9, 1966, and formally accepted by the Westchester County Board of Supervisors on November 21, 1966. [12] The land was intended to be kept as a completely natural park.[13] A small shelter was built in 1972, and the property reopened as Marshlands Park on June 7, 1972, during the dedication of the preserve.[10] A special volunteer Advisory Board was created to ensure continued oversight of the County's management of the land. Another donation of 17 acres was contributed by Fanny Wickes Parsons in 1977 with the caveat "that no garages or maintenance buildings be erected and that no marinas be built on or near the shorefront of the tract."[14] The ensuing property of 147 acres [59 ha] (which includes tidal lands) was rededicated in 1997 as passive parkland by the Board of Legislators of Westchester County "The natural area and wildlife sanctuary will be protected, preserved and regulated as a nature and wildlife preserve to be used only for passive recreation." That same year, a Friends group was organized to help staff the shelter and provide tours as well as raise additional funds to supplement the maintenance and mowing of the meadow.[15]  FeaturesArchaeological sensitivitiesA 1985 report confirmed the importance of Rye Marshlands as one of two sites in Rye with high archaeological significance, the other being an area in the Blind Brook watershed.[6] The discovery of 88 stone fishtail points and fragments, 31 of which were collected between 1981 and 1987 by Stuart Fiedel, further suggests encampments of what is known as an Orient phase or culture at the site. Additional artifacts were found by Wilbur Clark.[16] Salt marsh and tidal flatsThe preserve's salt marsh was recognized in 1987 as a rare ecosystem and tidal flats community by the N.Y.S. Department of State Division of Coastal Resources & Waterfront Revitalization.[17]   Woodland trails and ruinsThere are two trail loops. One is 2.8 miles long.[18] Passive recreation only is permitted at Marshlands Conservancy including walking, hiking and birdwatching. Dogs and bikes are strictly forbidden according to regulations adopted on December 31, 1975.[19][20] Ruins of a summer home built on the property by 20th century owners can be found on the trail alongside the water. All that remains is a chimney and stone foundation. WatercoursesThe East Stream and West Creek are two fresh watercourses that run through the Marshlands Conservancy. They are both referenced by Westchester County in 1997 legislation (see map inset). They are habitat for American mink, snapping turtles and box turtles. FaunaMarshlands Conservancy is home to many creatures from horseshoe crabs to coyotes. Visitors can see foxes, herons, egrets and more.[21] Nature study is especially focused on salt water life. BirdsThe Conservancy land was donated with the goal of creating a wildlife sanctuary especially for waterfowl and migratory birds. Over 230 species of birds have been spotted[22] from Black rail to American Avocet. Fish and shellfishMarine life at Marshlands include pipefish, small crabs (often hidden in rocky structures off of the water), and killifish.[23] MammalsDeer,[24] fox, coyotes, rabbits and groundhogs are among the mammals that have habitats at the conservancy. FloraA trail guide published in the 1980s under the auspices of then Westchester County Executive Alfred DelBello and Parks Commissioner Joseph M. Claverly noted the location of both native and invasive species along pathways, in the woods, next to bridges and by the beach and marsh.[25] Native plants and treesThe biodiversity of the Marshlands Conservancy has changed since its creation as a preserve. Native plants found at the Conservancy once included:[23][25]
 Invasive speciesLike many other sanctuaries that are impacted by climate change, the ecology of Marshlands is changing due to the aggressive pressure of invasive species. Disturbed waste areas at the conservancy include a refuse dump next to the long meadow where Tree of Heaven can be found.[25] According to the Audubon, invasive plants like Tatarian honeysuckle and Norway maples cause harm to native plants and the local ecosystem.[26] Other invasive species identified include:
Asian shore crabs have been implicated in the decline of the common periwinkle at Marshlands.[27] References
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