Genus of flatworms
Macrostomum [ 1] flatworm with a worldwide distribution,[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 2] hermaphroditic , free-living flatworms are usually small in size, with large species reaching up to 5 mm in body length (e.g. Macrostomum tuba ). They are usually transparent, and the smaller species appear rather round in cross-section than dorsoventrally flattened.
Name
The term "Macrostomum ", meaning "big-mouthed", derives from the Greek μάκρος makros , "large", and στόμα, stoma , mouth. Relative to other turbellaria , Macrostomum species have indeed a long mouth, connected to the gut by a muscular pharynx which can expand, in certain species, to almost the width of the animal.
Ecology
Macrostomum species inhabit different aquatic or moist environments.[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] Marine and brackish species are often interstitial (living in the space between grains of sediment), whereas freshwater species are also frequently found associated with aquatic plants. Many of these small worms feed on unicellular algae such as diatoms , others on zooplankton or smaller benthic invertebrates .[ 3]
Species
This genus includes Macrostomum lignano [ 5] [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13]
The following species are recognised in the genus Macrostomum :
Macrostomum acus Wang, 2005 Macrostomum acutum Ax, 2008 Macrostomum aegyptium Beltagi, 1972 Macrostomum amaniense Young, 1976 Macrostomum amurense Beklemischev, 1950 Macrostomum appendiculatum Fabricius, 1826 Macrostomum astericis Schmidt & Sopott-Ehlers, 1976 Macrostomum auriculatum Nasonov, 1935 Macrostomum australiense Faubel, Blome & Cannon, 1994 Macrostomum axi Papi, 1959 Macrostomum balticum Luther, 1947 Macrostomum baoanensis Wang & Fang, 2016 Macrostomum baringoense Young, 1976 Macrostomum bellebaruchae Ax, 2008 Macrostomum bicaudatum Wang, Sun & Zhang, 2015 Macrostomum bicurvistyla Armonies & Hellwig, 1987 Macrostomum boreale Riedel, 1932 Macrostomum brandi Wang & Shi, 2022 [ 14] Macrostomum brevituba Armonies & Hellwig, 1987 Macrostomum burti Ax & Armonies, 1987 Macrostomum cairoense Beltagi, 1972 Macrostomum calcaris Ax, 2008 Macrostomum caprariae Papi, 1959 Macrostomum carolinense (Ferguson, 1940) Macrostomum catarractae Gieysztor, 1938 Macrostomum ceylanicum Schmarda, 1859 Macrostomum chongqingensis Lin & Wang, 2017 Macrostomum christinae Young, 1976 Macrostomum clavistylum Beklemischev, 1951 Macrostomum clavituba Ax, 2008 Macrostomum cliftonensis Schärer & Brand, 2019 Macrostomum collistylum Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum contortum Beklemischev, 1951 Macrostomum coomerensis Faubel & Cameron, 2001 Macrostomum coxi Young, 1976 Macrostomum curvata (Papi, 1951) Macrostomum curvistylum Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum curvituba Luther, 1947 Macrostomum delphax Marcus, 1946 Macrostomum deltanensis Beltagi & El Said, 2002 Macrostomum distinguendum Papi, 1951 Macrostomum dongyuanensis Wang & Sun, 2015 Macrostomum dorsiforum Beltagi, 1972 Macrostomum elgonense (de Beauchamp, 1935) Macrostomum ensiferum Beklemischev, 1951 Macrostomum ermini Ax, 1959 Macrostomum evelinae Marcus, 1946 Macrostomum extraculum Ax & Armonies, 1990 Macrostomum fergussoni Beklemischev, 1951 Macrostomum finnlandense (Ferguson, 1940) Macrostomum flexum Ax, 2008 Macrostomum frigorophilum (Ferguson, 1940) Macrostomum gallicum Ax, 2008 Macrostomum galloprovinciale Schmidt & Sopott-Ehlers, 1976 Macrostomum georgeense Young, 1976 Macrostomum gilberti Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum glochistylum Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum goharii Beltagi, Ibrahim & Moustafa, 2000 Macrostomum gracile Pereyaslawzewa, 1892 Macrostomum graffi Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum granulophorum (Ferguson, 1940) Macrostomum greenwoodi Faubel & Cameron, 2001 Macrostomum guttulatum Ax, 2008 Macrostomum hamatum Luther, 1947 Macrostomum heyuanensis Wang & Sun, 2015 Macrostomum hofsteni Rogozin, 2012 Macrostomum hystricinum Beklemischev, 1951 Macrostomum hystrix Ørsted, 1843 Macrostomum ideficis Schmidt & Sopott-Ehlers, 1976 Macrostomum incurvatum Ax, 2008 Macrostomum inductum Kolasa, 1971 Macrostomum inflatum Beklemischev, 1951 Macrostomum infundibuliferum Plotnikow, 1905 Macrostomum intermedium Tu, 1934 Macrostomum ismailiensis Beltagi, Ibrahim & Moustafa, 2001 Macrostomum janickei Schärer, 2019 Macrostomum japonicum Okugawa, 1930 Macrostomum johni Young, 1972 Macrostomum karlingi Papi, 1953 Macrostomum kepneri (Ferguson & Jones, 1940) Macrostomum korsakovi Nasonov, 1921 Macrostomum lankouensis Lin & Wang, 2017 Macrostomum leptos An der Lan, 1939 Macrostomum lewisi Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum lignano Ladurner, Schärer, Salvenmoser & Rieger, 2005 Macrostomum lineare Uljanin, 1870 Macrostomum littorale Wang & Shi, 2022 [ 14] Macrostomum longistyliferum Ax, 1956 Macrostomum longituba Papi, 1953 Macrostomum lutheri Beklemischev, 1927 Macrostomum magnacurvituba Ax, 1994 Macrostomum majesticis Schmidt & Sopott-Ehlers, 1976 Macrostomum mediterraneum Ax, 1956 Macrostomum megalogastricum Pereyaslawzewa, 1892 Macrostomum minutum (Luther, 1947) Macrostomum mirumnovem Schärer & Brand, 2019 Macrostomum mosquense Beklemischev, 1951 Macrostomum mystrophorum Meixner, 1926 Macrostomum nairobiense Young, 1976 Macrostomum nassonovi (Nasonov, 1921) Macrostomum niloticum Beltagi, 1972 Macrostomum norfolkensis Jones & Ferguson, 1940 Macrostomum obelicis Schmidt & Sopott-Ehlers, 1976 Macrostomum obtusa Wang, 2005 Macrostomum obtusum Vejdovsky, 1895 Macrostomum ontarioense Ferguson, 1942 Macrostomum orthostylum Braun, 1885 Macrostomum parmum Ball, 1977 Macrostomum phillipsi Ferguson & Stirewalt, 1938 Macrostomum phocurum Marcus, 1954 Macrostomum pithecusae Papi, 1959 Macrostomum platensis Adami, Damborenea & Ronderos, 2012 Macrostomum poznaniense Kolasa, 1973 Macrostomum prognosticis Schmidt & Sopott-Ehlers, 1976 Macrostomum pseudoobscurum Beklemischev, 1927 Macrostomum pseudosinense Wang & Zhang, 2021 [ 15] Macrostomum puntapiedrensis Brusa, 2006 Macrostomum purpureum Reisinger & Kelbetz, 1964 Macrostomum qiaochengensis Wang & Fang, 2017 Macrostomum quiritium Beklemischev, 1951 Macrostomum rectum Ax, 2008 Macrostomum recurvostylum (Ferguson, 1940) Macrostomum retortum Papi, 1951 Macrostomum reynoldsi Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum reynoldsoni Young, 1976 Macrostomum rhabdophorum Beklemischev, 1927 Macrostomum riedeli Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum romanicum Mack-Fira, 1968 Macrostomum rostratum Papi, 1959 Macrostomum ruebushi Ferguson, 1940 Macrostomum saifunicum Nasonov, 1929 Macrostomum salemensis Beltagi & El-Said, 2003 Macrostomum schmitti Hayes & Ferguson, 1940 Macrostomum semicirculatum Ax, 2008 Macrostomum sensitivum Silliman, 1884 Macrostomum shekouense Wang & Shi, 2022 [ 14] Macrostomum shenandoahense (Ferguson, 1940) Macrostomum shenzhenensis Wang & Wang, 2017 Macrostomum shiyanensis Lin & Wang, 2017 Macrostomum silesiacum Kolasa, 1973 Macrostomum sinensis Wang, 2005 Macrostomum sinyaense Young, 1976 Macrostomum spirale Ax, 1956 Macrostomum stepposus Rogozin, 2012 Macrostomum stylopensillum Jones, 1939 Macrostomum subterraneum Rixen, 1961 Macrostomum taurinum Wang & Zhang, 2021 [ 15] Macrostomum tennesseense Ferguson, 1939 Macrostomum tenuicauda Luther, 1947 Macrostomum thermale Reisinger, 1933 Macrostomum thingithuense Young, 1976 Macrostomum timavi Graff, 1905 Macrostomum troubadicus Schmidt & Sopott-Ehlers, 1976 Macrostomum truncatum (Ferguson, 1940) Macrostomum tuba Graff, 1882 Macrostomum uncinatum Ax, 2008 Macrostomum vejdovskyi Ferguson & Jones, 1940 Macrostomum velastylum Brusa, 2006 Macrostomum virginianum Ferguson, 1937 Macrostomum viride Beneden E., 1870 Macrostomum xiamensis Wang & Luo, 2004 Macrostomum zhaoqingensis Lin & Wang, 2017 Macrostomum zhujiangensis Wang & Fang, 2016
References
^ Schmidt, Eduard Oscar (1848), Die rhabdocoelen Strudelwürmer (Turbellaria Rhabddocoela) des süssen Wassers , Jena: Friedrich Mauk^ a b c "Macrostomum" . Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-02-28 .^ a b c "Macrostomorpha | taxonomy and phylogeny" . macrostomorpha.myspecies.info . Retrieved 2023-06-29 .^ a b Ferguson, Frederick F. (1954-01-01). "Monograph of the Macrostomine Worms of Turbellaria". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society . 73 (2): 137– 164. doi :10.2307/3223751 . JSTOR 3223751 . ^
Ladurner, Peter; Schärer, Lukas; Salvenmoser, Willi; Rieger, Reinhard (2005), "A new model organism among the lower Bilateria and the use of digital microscopy in taxonomy of meiobenthic Platyhelminthes: Macrostomum lignano , n. sp. (Rhabditophora, Macrostomorpha)" , Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research , 43 (2): 114– 126, doi :10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00299.x , archived from the original on 2013-01-05
^ Willems, Maxime; Egger, Bernhard; Wolff, Carsten; Mouton, Stijn; Houthoofd, Wouter; Fonderie, Pamela; Couvreur, Marjolein; Artois, Tom; Borgonie, Gaëtan (2009-10-16). "Embryonic origins of hull cells in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano through cell lineage analysis: developmental and phylogenetic implications". Development Genes and Evolution . 219 (8): 409– 417. doi :10.1007/s00427-009-0304-x . ISSN 0949-944X . PMID 19834735 . S2CID 26860860 . ^ Lengerer, Birgit; Pjeta, Robert; Wunderer, Julia; Rodrigues, Marcelo; Arbore, Roberto; Schärer, Lukas; Berezikov, Eugene; Hess, Michael W; Pfaller, Kristian (2014-02-12). "Biological adhesion of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano relies on a duo-gland system and is mediated by a cell type-specific intermediate filament protein" . Frontiers in Zoology . 11 (1): 12. doi :10.1186/1742-9994-11-12 PMC 4016567 PMID 24520881 . ^ Egger, B.; Ladurner, P.; Nimeth, K.; Gschwentner, R.; Rieger, R. (2006-04-08). "The regeneration capacity of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano—on repeated regeneration, rejuvenation, and the minimal size needed for regeneration" . Development Genes and Evolution . 216 (10): 565– 577. doi :10.1007/s00427-006-0069-4 . ISSN 0949-944X . PMC 2441584 PMID 16604349 . ^ Ladurner, Peter; Egger, Bernhard; Mulder, Katrien De; Pfister, Daniela; Kuales, Georg; Salvenmoser, Willi; Schärer, Lukas (2008-01-01). "The Stem Cell System of the Basal Flatworm Macrostomum lignano". In Bosch, Thomas C. G. (ed.). Stem Cells . Springer Netherlands. pp. 75– 94. doi :10.1007/978-1-4020-8274-0_5 . ISBN 9781402082733 ^ Mouton, Stijn; Willems, Maxime; Braeckman, Bart P.; Egger, Bernhard; Ladurner, Peter; Schärer, Lukas; Borgonie, Gaetan (2009-04-01). "The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano: A new model organism for ageing research". Experimental Gerontology . 44 (4): 243– 249. doi :10.1016/j.exger.2008.11.007 . PMID 19111920 . S2CID 2198373 . ^ Willems, Maxime; Stevens, An-Sofie; Adriaens, Els; Plusquin, Michelle; Smeets, Karen; Van Goethem, Freddy; Vanparys, Philippe; Janssen, Colin; Remon, Jean-Paul (2015-09-01). "An Adult Stem Cell Proliferation Assay in the Flatworm Model Macrostomum lignano to Predict the Carcinogenicity of Compounds". Applied in Vitro Toxicology . 1 (3): 213– 219. doi :10.1089/aivt.2015.0011 . ISSN 2332-1512 . ^ Wasik, Kaja; Gurtowski, James; Zhou, Xin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Delás, M. Joaquina; Battistoni, Giorgia; Demerdash, Osama El; Falciatori, Ilaria; Vizoso, Dita B. (2015-10-06). "Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 (40): 12462– 12467. Bibcode :2015PNAS..11212462W . doi :10.1073/pnas.1516718112 ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 4603488 PMID 26392545 . ^ Schärer, Lukas; Littlewood, D. Timothy J.; Waeschenbach, Andrea; Yoshida, Wataru; Vizoso, Dita B. (2011-01-25). "Mating behavior and the evolution of sperm design" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 (4): 1490– 1495. doi :10.1073/pnas.1013892108 ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 3029721 PMID 21220334 . ^ a b c Shi, Yongshi; Zeng, Zhiyu; Wang, Jia; Zhang, Siyu; Deng, Li; Wang, Antai (3 May 2022). "Three new species of Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes, Macrostomorpha) from China and Australia, with notes on taxonomy and phylogenetics" . ZooKeys (1099): 1– 28. doi :10.3897/zookeys.1099.72964 eISSN 1313-2970 . ISSN 1313-2989 . PMC 9848920 ^ a b Zhang, Siyu; Shi, Yongshi; Zeng, Zicheng; Xin, Fan; Deng, Li; Wang, Antai (9 March 2021). "Two New Brackish-Water Species of Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from China and Their Phylogenetic Positions". Zoological Science . 38 (3): 273– 286. doi :10.2108/zs200121 . ISSN 0289-0003 . PMID 34057353 . S2CID 233675129 .
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