Loma Gorda Formation

Loma Gorda Formation
Stratigraphic range: Turonian-Coniacian
~90–86.3 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofGüagüaquí Group
UnderliesOliní Group
OverliesHondita Formation
Thicknessup to 167 m (548 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone, shale
OtherCalcareous concretions
Location
Coordinates4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W / 4.260417°N 74.724639°W / 4.260417; -74.724639
RegionCundinamarca, Huila & Tolima
Country Colombia
ExtentUpper Magdalena Valley, Central & Eastern Ranges, Andes
Type section
Named forLoma Gorda ("Fat Hill")
Named byDe Porta
LocationRicaurte, Cundinamarca
Year defined1966
Coordinates4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W / 4.260417°N 74.724639°W / 4.260417; -74.724639
RegionCundinamarca, Huila, Tolima
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
90 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Loma Gorda Formation (Spanish: Formación Loma Gorda, Kl, Kslg) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM) and surrounding Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, extending from Cundinamarca in the north to Huila and easternmost Tolima in the south. The uppermost unit of the Güagüaquí Group, a sequence of laminated siltstones and shales, dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Turonian to Coniacian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 167 metres (548 ft).

Etymology

The formation was named in 1966 by De Porta, named Loma Gorda ("Fat Hill") in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Loma Gorda Formation is characterised by laminated siltstones and shales with calcareous concretions.[2] The formation has provided fossils of Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, Eulophoceras jacobi, Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, Mitonia gracilis, Mytiloides kossmati, M. goppelnensis, M. scupini, Neoptychites cf. andinus, Paralenticeras sieversi, Paramammites sp., Peroniceras subtricarinatum, Prionocycloceras guayabanum, Reesidites subtuberculatum, Subprionotropis colombianus, Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., Choffaticeras sp., Dydimotis sp., Forresteria sp., Gauthiericeras sp., Morrowites sp., Nannovascoceras sp., and Quitmaniceras sp..[3]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Loma Gorda Formation is the uppermost unit of the Güagüaquí Group.[1] It overlies the Hondita Formation and is overlain by the Oliní Group. The age has been estimated on the basis of ammonites to be ranging from Turonian to Coniacian.[2] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the upper parts of the Chipaque, La Luna and La Frontera Formations.[4] The formation was deposited in a relative highstand sequence with an oceanic oxygen depletion event, sharply marked in Colombia and characterised by the appearance of calcareous concretions with a thick pyrite rim.[5]

Outcrops

Loma Gorda Formation is located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Loma Gorda Formation
class=notpageimage|
Type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation to the southwest of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation is located close to Loma Gorda in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.[6] Other outcrops of the Loma Gorda Formation have been noted east of the Magdalena River northeast of Honda,[7] west of Nariño,[8] west across the Magdalena River in San Luis, Tolima,[9] between the Tetuán and Saldaña Rivers west of Coyaima and east and west of Ataco,[10] to the east of the Prado River reservoir,[11] north and west of Aipe,[12] surrounding Alpujarra, Tolima,[13] south of Palermo, Huila, displaced by the Baché Fault,[14] east of Iquira,[15] north of Yaguará,[16] south of La Plata where the formation is cut by the Itaibe Fault,[17] a small patch east of Gigante, Huila,[18] northwest and northeast of San Agustín,[19] and north of Timaná surrounding the Magdalena River.[20]

Regional correlations

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age Paleomap VMM Guaduas-Vélez W Emerald Belt Villeta anticlinal Chiquinquirá-
Arcabuco		 Tunja-
Duitama		 Altiplano Cundiboyacense El Cocuy
Maastrichtian Umir Córdoba Seca eroded Guaduas Colón-Mito Juan
Umir Guadalupe
Campanian Córdoba
Oliní
Santonian La Luna Cimarrona - La Tabla La Luna
Coniacian Oliní Villeta Conejo Chipaque
Güagüaquí Loma Gorda undefined La Frontera
Turonian Hondita La Frontera Otanche
Cenomanian Simití hiatus La Corona Simijaca Capacho
Pacho Fm. Hiló - Pacho Churuvita Une Aguardiente
Albian Hiló Chiquinquirá Tibasosa Une
Tablazo Tablazo Capotes - La Palma - Simití Simití Tibú-Mercedes
Aptian Capotes Socotá - El Peñón Paja Fómeque
Paja Paja El Peñón Trincheras Río Negro
La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian Muzo Cáqueza Las Juntas
Rosablanca Ritoque
Valanginian Ritoque Furatena Útica - Murca Rosablanca hiatus Macanal
Rosablanca
Berriasian Cumbre Cumbre Los Medios Guavio
Tambor Arcabuco Cumbre
Sources


Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos distal Llanos Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Guayabo Soatá
Sabana		 Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
 Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [21][22][23][24]
2.6 Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Caimán Honda [23][25]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [24][26]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [25][24]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [22][25]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [22][25][27]
32 Oligo-Eocene C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [27]
35 Late Eocene
Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [24][28]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [24][28]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [21][22][25][24][29]
65 Maastrichtian
KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [21][24]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [24][30]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [21][24][31]
93 Cenomanian
Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [25][31]
113 Aptian
Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [22][24][32]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [21]
129 Hauterivian
Rift 1 Tibú-
Mercedes		 Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [21]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [22][33]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
 Saldaña Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [25][34]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [35]
201 Late Triassic
Mucuchachi Payandé [25]
235 Early Triassic
Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
300 Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva
()		 [36]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)		 Farallones
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)		 Ambicá
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [33][37][38][39][40]
390 Early Devonian
High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro
(450-490)		 Duda
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá
(>470±22)
 Guape
()		 Río Nevado
()		 [41][42][43]
488 Late Cambrian
Regional intrusions Chicamocha
(490-515)		 Quetame
()		 Ariarí
()		 SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		 San Isidro
()		 [44][45]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [43][46]
542 Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [47][48]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [44]
800
Snowball Earth [49]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogeny Ariarí
(1000)		 La Urraca
(1030-1100)		 [50][51][52][53]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza
(1300-1400)		 Garzón
(1180-1550)		 [54]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga [55]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [56]
1800
Tapajós orogeny Mitú
(1800)		 [54][56]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [54]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny [54]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


See also

Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Geology of the Middle Magdalena Valley

Notes

  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[57], García González et al. (2009),[58] and geological report of Villavicencio[59]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[57] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[60]

References

  1. ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.23
  2. ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.24
  3. ^ Patarroyo, 2011
  4. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22
  5. ^ Villamil, 2012, p.173
  6. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.43
  7. ^ Plancha 207, 2010
  8. ^ Plancha 245, 1999
  9. ^ Plancha 264, 2002
  10. ^ Plancha 282, 1993
  11. ^ Plancha 283, 2009
  12. ^ Plancha 302, 1993
  13. ^ Plancha 303, 2002
  14. ^ Plancha 323, 1998
  15. ^ Plancha 344, 1999
  16. ^ Plancha 345, 1999
  17. ^ Plancha 366, 1998
  18. ^ Plancha 367, 2003
  19. ^ Plancha 388, 2002
  20. ^ Plancha 389, 2003
  21. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  22. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  23. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  26. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  27. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  28. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  29. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  30. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  31. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  32. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  33. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  34. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  35. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  36. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  37. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  38. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  39. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  40. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  41. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  42. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  43. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  44. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  45. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  46. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  47. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  48. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  49. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  50. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  51. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  52. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  53. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  54. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  55. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  56. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  57. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  58. ^ García González et al., 2009
  59. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  60. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

  • Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (2002), Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–108
  • Patarroyo, Pedro (2011), "Sucesión de Amonitas del Cretácico Superior (Cenomaniano-Coniaciano) de la parte más alta de la Formación Hondita y de la Formación Loma Gorda en la Quebrada Bambucá, Aipe - Huila (Colombia)" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 33: 69–92, retrieved 2019-03-13
  • Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216

Maps