List of sovereign states in the 1860s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1860s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1860 and 31 December 1869. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

A

Name and capital city	Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
A
Abuja – Abuja Emirate Capital: Abuja	Widely recognized state.
Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan Capital: Kabul	Widely recognized independent state.
Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[1] Capital: Agadez	Widely recognized state.
→ Andorra – Principality of Andorra[2] Capital: Andorra la Vella	Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
Anhalt – Duchy of Anhalt (from 1863 to 1 July 1867) Capital: Dessau	Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Anhalt-Bernburg – Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg (to 1863) Capital: Bernburg	Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863.
Anhalt-Dessau – Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (to 1863) Capital: Dessau	Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863.
Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[3] Capital: Angoche	Widely recognized independent state.
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[4] Capital: Mbarara	Widely recognized state.
Annam – Empire of Annam Capital: Phú Xuân	Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary.
Anziku – Anziku Kingdom Capital: Monsol	Widely recognized state.
→  Argentina[5] Capital: Paraná (to 12 December 1861), Buenos Aires (from 12 December 1861) Argentine Confederation (to 12 December 1861) Argentine Republic (from 12 December 1861)	Widely recognized state.
Aro – Aro Confederacy Capital: Arochukwu	Widely recognized state.
Ashanti – Asante Union[6] Capital: Kumasi	Widely recognized state.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa[7] Capital: Aussa	Widely recognized state.
→ Austria (to 29 May 1867), Austria-Hungary (from 29 May 1867) Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania) Austrian Empire (to 29 May 1867) Austro-Hungarian Empire (29 May 1867)	Widely recognized state.
B
Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden[8] Capital: Karlsruhe	Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation.
Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi[9] Capital: Massenya	Tributary state of the Bornu Empire.
Bali – Kingdom of Bali Capital: Klungkung	Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.
Bamana – Bamana Empire (to 1861) Capital: Ségou	Widely recognized state to 1861. Annexed by the Toucouleur Empire in 1861.
Baol – Kingdom of Baol[10] Capital: Diourbel	Widely recognized state.
Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[11][12] Capital: Mongu	Widely recognized state.
Basutoland – Kingdom of Basutoland (to 1868) Capital: Maseru	Widely recognized state to 1868. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1868.
Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria Capital: Munich	Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation.
Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[13] Capital: Brussels	Widely recognized state. Belgium has sovereignty over 1 condominium: Moresnet (Condominium sui iuris of Belgium and Prussia)
Beni Abbas – Kingdom of Beni Abbas Capital: Kalâa of Ait Abbas	Widely recognized state.
Benin – Kingdom of Benin[14] Capital: Edo	Widely recognized state.
Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Capital: Punakha	Widely recognized state.
Biu – Biu Kingdom Capital: Biu	Widely recognized state.
Bolivia – Bolivian Republic Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)	Widely recognized state.
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[15] Capital: Nunue, Vaitape	Widely recognized state.
Bornu – Bornu Empire[16] Capital: Ngazargamu	Widely recognized state.
Brakna – Brakna Emirate Capital: Aleg	Widely recognized state.
Brazil – Empire of Brazil Capital: Rio de Janeiro	Brazil was a federation of 20 states and one federal district.[a]
Bremen – Free Hanseatic City of Bremen Capital: Bremen	Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei Capital: Kampong Ayer	Widely recognized state.
Brunswick – Duchy of Brunswick Capital: Brunswick	Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda Capital: Mengo	Widely recognized state.
Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara[17] Capital: Bukhara	Widely recognized state.
Bulungan – Sultanate of Bulungan Capital: Tanjung Palas	Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Sulu.
Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom Capital: Hoima	Widely recognized state.
Burma – Kingdom of Burma[18] Capital: Mandalay	Widely recognized state.
Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi Capital: Gitega	Widely recognized state.
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga Capital: Bugembe	Widely recognized state.
C
Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia (to 11 August 1863) Capital: Oudong	Widely recognized state to 11 August 1863. Annexed by France from 11 August 1863.
→ Canada – Dominion of Canada (from 1 July 1867) Capital: Ottawa	Widely recognized state from 1 July 1867. Commonwealth realm.
Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor Capital: Mboul	Widely recognized state.
Central Italy – United Provinces of Central Italy (to 22 March 1860) Capital: Modena	Widely recognized state to 22 March 1860. Client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia to 22 March 1860. Annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia on 22 March 1860.
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak[19] Capital: Champasak	Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.
Chile Capital: Santiago Conservative Republic of Chile (to 18 September 1861) Liberal Republic of Chile (from 18 September 1861)	Widely recognized state.
China – Great Qing Empire Capital: Beijing	Widely recognized state. China had sovereignty over the following territories: Lanfang Republic (Vassal state) Sikkim (Protectorate)  Tibet (Protectorate)
Circassia – Circassian Parliament (to 21 May 1864) Capital: Sochi	The Circassian state in Northwestern Caucasus that was destroyed by Russia after the Battle of Qbaada.
Colombia – United States of Colombia (from 20 September 1861) Capital: Bogota	Widely recognized state from 20 September 1861.
Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica Capital: San Jose	Widely recognized state.
D
Dagbon – Kingdom of Dagbon Capital: Yendi	Widely recognized state.
Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[20] Capital: Abomey	Widely recognized state.
Dai Nam – Dai Nam Realm Capital: Phú Xuân	Widely recognized state. Tributary state of China.
Damagaram – Sultanate of Damagaram Capital: Zinder	Widely recognized state.
Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti[21] Capital: N'Délé	Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga.
Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur Capital: Al Fashir	Widely recognized state to 1874.
Denmark Capital: Copenhagen Danish Unitary State (to 1864) Kingdom of Denmark (from 1864)	Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Danish West Indies (Colony) Greenland (Territory) Iceland (Dependency)
Dhala – Emirate of Dhala Capital: Dhale	Widely recognized state.
Dominican Republic – Second Republic (from 16 August 1865) Capital: Santo Domingo	Widely recognized state from 16 August 1865.
Dosso – Dosso Kingdom Capital: Dosso	Widely recognized state.
E
→ Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Capital: Quito	Widely recognized state.
→ → El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador Capital: San Salvador	Widely recognized state.
Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire Capital: Addis Ababa	Widely recognized state.
F
Fadhli – Fadhli Sultanate[22] Capital: Shuqrah	Widely recognized state.
Fante – Fante Confederacy (from 1868) Capital: Not specified	Widely recognized state from 1868.
France – Empire of the French Capital: Paris	Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories: Cambodia (Protectorate from 1863) French Algeria (de jure Department of Metropolitan France, de facto Colony) French Cochinchina (Colony) French Guiana (Colony) French India (Colony) French Ivory Coast (Protectorate) French Oceania – French Establishments in Oceania (Colony) Guadeloupe (Colony) Martinique (Colony) Mayotte (Colony) New Caledonia (Colony) Obock (Colony) Réunion (Colony) Saint Barthélemy (Colony) Saint Martin (Colony) Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Colony) Shanghai (Concession) Tientsin (Concession)
Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon Capital: Timbo	Widely recognized state.

F

• Frankfurt – Free City of Frankfurt (to October 8, 1866)

G

•  Garo – Kingdom of Garo
•  Gera – Kingdom of Gera
•  Gomma – Kingdom of Gomma
• Granadine Confederation – Granadine Confederation (renamed New Granada on July 18, 1861)
• Greece – Kingdom of Greece
• Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
•  Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma

H

• Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il
• Haiti – Republic of Haiti
•  Hamburg – Free City of Hamburg (to 1867)
•  Hanover – Kingdom of Hanover (to September 20, 1866)
•  Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii
• Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
• Hesse-Homburg – Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg (to 1866)
• Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) – Electorate of Hesse (to 1866)
• Holstein – Duchy of Holstein (to 1866)
• →  Honduras – Republic of Honduras
• Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine

I

• Italy – Kingdom of Italy (from March 17, 1861)

J

• Japan
  • Tokugawa shogunate (to January 3, 1868)
  • Empire of Japan (from January 3, 1868)[23]
•  Jimma – Kingdom of Jimma
•  Jolof – Jolof Kingdom

K

•  Kaabu – Kingdom of Kaabu (to 1867)
•  Kaarta – Kingdom of Kaarta
•  Kabulistan – Kingdom of Kabul
•  Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
• Kashgaria – Kingdom of Kashgaria (from 1862)
•  Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom
•  Khasso – Kingdom of Khasso
• Khiva – Khanate

of Khiva

• Kokand – Khanate of Kokand
•  Kong – Kong Empire
• Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
• Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon
•  Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya

L

•  Liberia – Republic of Liberia
•  Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
• Limburg – Duchy of Limburg (to 1866)
•  Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea
• Lippe – Principality of Lippe (to July 1, 1867)
•  Loango – Kingdom of Loango
•  Luba – Luba Empire
• Lübeck – Free City of Lübeck (Lubeck) (to 1867)
•  Lunda – Lunda Empire
•  Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

M

• Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
• Maldives – Sultanate of Maldives
•  Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur
•  Massina – Massina Empire (to 1868)
•  Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
• Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (to July 1, 1867)
• Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (to July 1, 1867)
• → →  Mexico
  • Republic of Mexico (to April 10, 1864)
  • Mexican Empire (from April 10, 1864 to May 15, 1867)
  • United Mexican States (from May 1867)
•  Mindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
• Monaco - Principality of Monaco
• Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
• Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
• Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman

N

• Nassau – Duchy of Nassau (to 1866)
• Negeri Sembilan – Negeri Sembilan
• Nepal - Kingdom of Nepal
•  Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
• New Granada – United States of New Granada (July 18 to September 20, 1861)
• Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
• North German Confederation – North German Confederation (from July 1, 1867)

O

• Oldenburg – Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (to July 1, 1867)
•  Orange Free State – Republic of Orange Free State[24][25][26][27][28]
•  Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
•  Ouaddai – Ouaddai Empire
•  Oyo – Oyo Empire

P

• Pahang – Sultanate of Pahang
•  Papal States – States of the Church
•  Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
• Perak – Sultanate of Perak
• Persia – Persian Empire
•  Peru
  • Peruvian Republic (to 14 January 1866)
  • Peruvian Republic (from 14 January 1866)
• Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
•  Prussia – Kingdom of Prussia (to July 1, 1867)

R

• Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea
•  Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
• Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga
• Reuss Elder Line – Principality of Reuss Elder Line (to July 1, 1867)
• Reuss Junior Line – Principality of Reuss Junior Line (to July 1, 1867)
• → Romania - United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
•  Russia – Russian Empire
•  Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
•  Ryukyu – Kingdom of Ryūkyū

S

•  Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
• →  San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
•  Sarawak – Kingdom of Sarawak
•  Sardinia – Kingdom of Sardinia (to March 17, 1861)
• Saxe-Altenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (to July 1, 1867)
• Saxe-Coburg-Gotha – Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (to July 1, 1867)
• Saxe-Lauenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, also Duchy of Lauenburg
• Saxe-Meiningen – Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (to July 1, 1867)
• Saxony – Kingdom of Saxony (to July 1, 1867)
• Schaumburg-Lippe – Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe (to July 1, 1867)
• Schleswig – Duchy of Schleswig (to 1866)
• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (to July 1, 1867)
• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (to July 1, 1867)
• Selangor – Sultanate of Selangor
• Serbia – Principality of Serbia
• Siam – Kingdom of Siam
•  Sikkim – Chogyalate of Sikkim
• Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
• Spain – Kingdom of Spain[29]
• Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
•  Sweden and Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
• Switzerland – Swiss Confederation

T

• Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti
• Tonga
  • Tu'i Tonga (to 1865)
  • Kingdom of Tonga (from 1865)
• Toro – Toro Kingdom
•  Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire
•  Transvaal – South African Republic
• →  Two Sicilies – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to February 12, 1861)

U

•  United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
• → → → →  United States – United States of America
•  Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay

V

• →  Venezuela
  • Republic of Venezuela (to 1864)
  • United States of Venezuela (from 1864)

W

• Waldeck-Pyrmont – Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (to July 1, 1867)
•  Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta
•  Württemberg – Kingdom of Württemberg

Y

•  Yeke – Yeke Kingdom
•  Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma

Z

•  Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar (from April 6, 1861)
•  Zululand – Kingdom of the Zulus

Non-sovereign territories

United Kingdom

•  Cape Colony – Cape of Good Hope

States claiming sovereignty

• Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
• Alabama – Republic of Alabama (from January 11 to February 4, 1861)[30][31][32][33]
• Araucanía and Patagonia – Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (from November 17, 1860 to January 5, 1862)
•  Arkansas – Republic of Arkansas (from May 6 to May 18, 1861)
• Buenos Aires – State of Buenos Aires
• → → → → →  Confederate States – Confederate States of America (from February 4, 1861 to May 5, 1865)
• Couto Misto (to June 23, 1868)
• Cuba – Republic of Cuba (from October 10, 1868)
•  Ezo – Republic of Ezo (from December 15, 1868 to June 27, 1869)
• Florida – Republic of Florida (from January 10 to February 4, 1861)
•  Goust – Republic of Goust
• Ionian Islands – United States of the Ionian Islands
• Louisiana – Republic of Louisiana (from January 26 to February 4, 1861)[34][35][36][37]
•  Manitobah – Republic of Manitobah (from June 1867 to 1868)
•  Mississippi – Republic of Mississippi (from January 9 to February 1, 1861)
• North Carolina – Republic of North Carolina (from May 20 to May 21, 1861)
• Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (from January 22, 1863 to June 18, 1864)
• → South Carolina – Republic of South Carolina (from December 20, 1860 to February 8, 1861)[38][39][40][41][42]
•  Taiping Heavenly Kingdom - Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (to July 1864)
• Tennessee - Republic of Tennessee (from June 8 to July 2, 1861)
• Tavolara – Kingdom of Tavolara
• Texas – Republic of Texas (from February 1 to March 2, 1861)
• Virginia – Republic of Virginia (from April 17 to May 7, 1861)

Notes

1. 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Federal District: Federal District.

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