List of political disinformation website campaigns

Main article: List of fake news websites

This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following is a list of websites, separated by country and sub-categorized by region or disinformation campaign, that have both been considered by journalists and researchers as distributing false news - or otherwise participating in disinformation - and have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being linked to political actors.

List

Algeria

The following websites are linked to an Algerian marketing/public relations firm, Ayam Agency. They are related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior, which was part of a campaign that Graphika described as "a multi-year cross-platform effort to advance the interests of Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune".[1]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
All About Algeria	allaboutalgeria.com			[1]
La Gazette d'Algérie	lagazettedalgerie.com			[1]

Argentina

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
La Derecha Diario	derechadiario.com.ar		A 2022 analysis by Graphika found that the site had spread climate change denialism and had a wide geographical distribution of content on Spanish-speaking communities on Twitter. Owned by Fernando Cerimedo, the digital communications chief of Javier Milei, who had also worked on the campaign of Jair Bolsonaro.	[2][3][4][5]

Austria

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Report24	report24.news		Linked to the Freedom Party of Austria. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and falsely claimed that over 1,000 cities planned to enforce bans on meat to combat climate change. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica. Alongside Wochenblick, was accused by Correctiv of attempting to interfere in the 2021 German federal election.	[6][7][8][9]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
ATV	atvbl.rs		Accused by the United States Department of the Treasury of being closely linked to Milorad Dodik. Spread Bosnian genocide denial, unproven cures for COVID-19 and false claims about NATO troop deployment in Ukraine. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica.	[6]

Brazil

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Ceticismo Político	ceticismopolitico.org		Associated with MBL.	[10]
Diário Nacional	odiarionacional.com		Imposter news portal site in Brazil that is associated with MBL.	[11][12][13]
	odiarionacional.org
Jornal do País				[11]
Jornalivre	jornalivre.com		Associated with MBL. Banned from Facebook in 2018 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, "sowing division and spreading misinformation".[14] Accused of harassing journalists in Brazil who contradict their claims, as well as the electoral prosecutor José Carlos Bonilha. Contained a script used for cryptocurrency mining.	[14][15][16][17][12][13]
	jornalivre.org

Canada

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
LifeSiteNews	lifesitenews.com		Founded by the Canadian political lobbyist organization Campaign Life Coalition.	[18][19][20][21]

Central African Republic

The following websites are related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. They are linked to a pseudonymous individual that is suspected of being sponsored by the government of Faustin-Archange Touadéra and/or advisors from Russia.[22]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Le Potentiel d'Afrique	lepotentieldafrique.net			[23][22]
lafrique.info	lafrique.info			[22]
Alternanceafricaine.org	Alternanceafricaine.org			[22]
ong-lcdaf.org	ong-lcdaf.org			[22]
paixetstabilite.org	paixetstabilite.org			[22]
afriqueengagee.com	afriqueengagee.com			[22]
afriqueactualite.info	afriqueactualite.info			[22]
Lepanafricanisme.info	Lepanafricanisme.info			[22]
miroirdafrique.info	miroirdafrique.info			[22]
lemondeactualite.info	lemondeactualite.info			[22]
leuropeafrique.info	leuropeafrique.info			[22]
loccident.info	loccident.info			[22]
lavoixdafrique.info	lavoixdafrique.info			[22]
lanouvelleduconti-nent.info	lanouvelleduconti-nent.info			[22]
lemondeenvrai.net	lemondeenvrai.net			[22]
lereveilafricain.info	lereveilafricain.info			[22]

Denmark

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
24NYT	24nyt.dk		Founded by Jeppe Juhl, a candidate for the New Right party. Banned from Facebook in 2019 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, reportedly likely referring to purchasing social media interactions (likes) on its Facebook page. Such practices are potentially illegal under the Danish Marketing Practices Act. Academics have accused the site of misleading framing, unsourced claims, and presenting opinion as news.	[24][25]

Ecuador

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
La Voz	lavoz.co		Related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government.	[26]
Latam Post	latampost.online		Related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. Published the same content as Semanario La Region. Missing domain registration name.	[26]
Semanario la Región	elsemanario.online		Related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. Published the same content as Latam Post. Missing domain registration name.	[26]

Egypt

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Alyamania News	alyamanianews.com		Spreads "anti-Turkish content".[27] Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Linked to one or more digital marketing firms based in Egypt: DotDev and/or NewWaves. Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior.	[27][28]
freeiranrevolution.com	freeiranrevolution.com		Spreads "anti-[Iranian]-regime content".[27] Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Linked to one or more digital marketing firms based in Egypt: DotDev and/or NewWaves. Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior.	[27][28]
Killed In Turkey	killedinturkey.com		Posted the same content as Turkey Leaks. Copied its content from Biten Hayatlar, including the group's name and logo in its social media posts. Anonymously registered website whose construction appeared to be unfinished. Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns".[29]	[30][29]
Masr Times	masrtimes.com		Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns".[29]	[30][29]
Turkey Leaks	turkeyleaks.com		Posted the same content as Killed in Turkey. Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns".[29]	[30][29]

France

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Contre-Info	contre-info.com		Spread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Affiliated with the group French Renewal.	[31][32]
coupsfrancs.com	coupsfrancs.com		Described by Graphika as "a conspiracy-minded website".[33] Part of an influence operation attributed to individuals in the French military that battled a Russian-influence operation for the Central African Republic. Both networks were taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.	[33]

Germany

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Freie Welt	freiewelt.net		Run by the husband of Beatrix von Storch. Spread false claims about vaccines and a wheat shortage in Ukraine. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found advertisements that had been placed by Google.	[6]

Guinea

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
224Minutes	224minutes.net		Linked to the Rally of the Guinean People.	[34]

India

Indian Chronicles

Main article: Fake news in India

Indian Chronicles, dubbed by the EU Disinfo Lab, is an influence operation initiated by Srivastava Group starting in 2005 and enabled by Asian News International in order to promote Indian interests and disparage Pakistan and China. The operation created a network of at least 500 fake news websites and had targeted 116 countries. Srivastava Group had co-sponsored a trip of 27 Members of European Parliament to visit Kashmir and meet with Narendra Modi in 2019.[35][36]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
EP Today	eptoday.com			[35][36]
EP Today	eptoday.eu			[35][36]
EP Today	eptoday.org			[35][36]
EP Today	europeanparliamenttoday.com			[35][36]
EU Chronicle	EUChronicle.com			[35][36]
EUOutlook	EUOutlook.com			[35][36]
EUOutlook	EUOutlook.net			[35][36]
EUOutlook	EUOutlook.org			[35][36]
EUreports.com	EUreports.com			[35][36]
Europeinnews.com	Europeinnews.com			[35][36]
EUFreeNews.com	EUFreeNews.com			[35][36]
SouthAsiaRevealed.com	SouthAsiaRevealed.com			[35][36]
SouthAsiaDiary.com	SouthAsiaDiary.com			[35][36]
SANews.ca	SANews.ca			[35][36]
PerspectiveSouthAsia.com	PerspectiveSouthAsia.com			[35][36]
SouthAsianAffairs.ca	SouthAsianAffairs.ca			[35][36]
gilgitnews.net	gilgitnews.net			[35][36]
gilgitpost.net	gilgitpost.net			[35][36]
gilgittimes.com	gilgittimes.com			[35][36]
khalistan.eu	khalistan.eu			[35][36]
khalistanfm.net	khalistanfm.net			[35][36]
radiokhalistan.net	radiokhalistan.net			[35][36]
balochnews.com	balochnews.com			[35][36]
balochistantoday.org	balochistantoday.org			[35][36]
balochistantoday.net	balochistantoday.net			[35][36]
European Union News Network	eunewsagency.com			[35][36]
PrNewsDistribution.com	PrNewsDistribution.com			[35][36]
Four News Agency	FourNewsAgency.com			[35][36]
Times of Geneva	timesofgeneva.com			[37]
4 News Agency	4newsagency.com			[37]
New Delhi Times	newdelhitimes.com			[37]
Times of Portugal	timesofportugal.com			[37][38]
TimesofabuDhabi.com	TimesofabuDhabi.com			[37]
Mapplenews.com	Mapplenews.com			[37]
foreignaffairstoday.com	foreignaffairstoday.com		Spoof of Foreign Affairs.	[37]
24hourscalgary.com	24hourscalgary.com		Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group.	[38]
24hoursedmonton.com	24hoursedmonton.com		Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group.	[38]
24hoursottawa.com	24hoursottawa.com		Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group.	[38]
aberystwythtimes.com	aberystwythtimes.com		Spoof of Aberystwyth Times, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
acadianrecorder.com	acadianrecorder.com		Spoof of Acadian Recorder, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
accionobrera.com	accionobrera.com		Spoof of Acción obrera, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
al-insaniyyah.com	al-insaniyyah.com		Spoof of Al-Insaniyyah, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
al-jamahir.com	al-jamahir.com		Spoof of Al-Jamahir, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
al-mabda.com	al-mabda.com		Spoof of Al-Mabda', a defunct newspaper.	[38]
al-malayin.com	al-malayin.com		Spoof of Al-Malayin, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
al-mukafih.com	al-mukafih.com		Spoof of Al-Mukafih, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
al-qaidah.com	al-qaidah.com		Spoof of Al-Qaidah, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
al-watandaily.com	al-watandaily.com		Spoof of Al-Watan Daily, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
almalayin.com	almalayin.com		Spoof of Al-Malayin, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
almustaqilla.com	almustaqilla.com		Spoof of Al Mustaqilla, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
alqaidah.com	alqaidah.com		Spoof of Al-Qaidah, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
badischesvolksecho.com	badischesvolksecho.com		Spoof of Badisches Volksecho, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
baltimoreeveningherald.com	baltimoreeveningherald.com		Spoof of Baltimore Evening Herald, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
baltimoremorningherald.com	baltimoremorningherald.com		Spoof of Baltimore Morning Herald, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
barladul.com	barladul.com		Spoof of Bârladul, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
birminghamgazette.co.uk	birminghamgazette.co.uk		Spoof of Birmingham Gazette, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
brightonherald.com	brightonherald.com		Spoof of Brighton Herald, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
bucharestbusinessweek.com	bucharestbusinessweek.com		Spoof of Bucharest Business Week, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
buffaloenquirer.com	buffaloenquirer.com		Spoof of The Buffalo Enquirer, a defunct newspaper.[39]	[38]
calcutta-gazette.com	calcutta-gazette.com		Spoof of Calcutta Gazette, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
cambridgeintelligencer.com	cambridgeintelligencer.com		Spoof of Cambridge Intelligencer, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
canadianillustratednews.com	canadianillustratednews.com		Spoof of Canadian Illustrated News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
ceylondailymirror.com	ceylondailymirror.com		Spoof of Ceylon Daily Mirror, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
comcast-network.com	comcast-network.com		Spoof of Comcast Network, a defunct cable TV network.	[38]
congregationalherald.com	congregationalherald.com		Spoof of Congregational Herald, a defunct newspaper.[40]	[38]
courrierdethiopie.com	courrierdethiopie.com		Spoof of Courrier d'Ethiopie, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
dailycitizen.eu	dailycitizen.eu		Spoof of Daily Citizen, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
derdeutschecorrespondent.com	derdeutschecorrespondent.com		Spoof of Der Deutsche Correspondent, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
derkampf.com	derkampf.com		Spoof of Der Kampf, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
dernord-westen.com	dernord-westen.com		Spoof of Der Nord-Westen, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
dernordstern.com	dernordstern.com		Spoof of Der Nordstern, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
dernordwesten.com	dernordwesten.com		Spoof of Der Nord-Westen, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
derostasiatischelloyd.com	derostasiatischelloyd.com		Spoof of Der Ostasiatische Lloyd, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
detroitsundayjournal.com	detroitsundayjournal.com		Spoof of Detroit Sunday Journal, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
deutscheshanghaizeitung.com	deutscheshanghaizeitung.com		Spoof of Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
diariodemanila.com	diariodemanila.com		Spoof of Diario de Manila, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
die-einigkeit.com	die-einigkeit.com		Spoof of Die Einigkeit, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
dieeinigkeit.com	dieeinigkeit.com		Spoof of Die Einigkeit, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
easternmorningnews.com	easternmorningnews.com		Spoof of Eastern Morning News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
echodelasambre.com	echodelasambre.com		Spoof of Écho de la Sambre, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
eestiaeg.com	eestiaeg.com		Spoof of Eesti Aeg, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
elbiendelobrero.com	elbiendelobrero.com		Spoof of El Bien del Obrero, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
essexgazette.com	essexgazette.com		Spoof of The Essex Gazette, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
falceemartello.com	falceemartello.com		Spoof of Falce e Martello, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
finnmarkfremtid.com	finnmarkfremtid.com		Spoof of Finnmark Fremtid, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
foxfootychannel.com	foxfootychannel.com		Spoof of Fox Footy Channel, a defunct TV channel.	[38]
frontulplugarilor.com	frontulplugarilor.com		Spoof of Frontul Plugarilor, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
garydailytribune.com	garydailytribune.com		Spoof of Gary Daily Tribune, a defunct newspaper.[41]	[38]
gazetteandsentinel.com	gazetteandsentinel.com		Spoof of Gazette and Sentinel, a defunct newspaper.[42]	[38]
goldcoastmail.com	goldcoastmail.com		Spoof of Gold Coast Mail, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
golostruda.com	golostruda.com		Spoof of Golos Truda, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
greateastlandtelevision.com	greateastlandtelevision.com		Spoof of Great Eastland Television, a defunct TV station network.	[38]
hamevasser.com	hamevasser.com		Spoof of Hamevasser, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
hardangerarbeiderblad.com	hardangerarbeiderblad.com		Spoof of Hardanger Arbeiderblad, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
hartfordcitycourier.com	hartfordcitycourier.com		Spoof of Hartford City Courier, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
hartfordcitydemocrat.com	hartfordcitydemocrat.com		Spoof of Hartford City Democrat, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
hayatechchaab.com	hayatechchaab.com		Spoof of Hayat ech Chaab, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
heiminshimbun.com	heiminshimbun.com		Spoof of Heimin Shimbun, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
huashangdaily.com	huashangdaily.com		Spoof of Hua Shang Daily, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
indianapolisdailyherald.com	indianapolisdailyherald.com		Spoof of Indianapolis Daily Herald, a defunct newspaper.[43]	[38]
israelshtime.com	israelshtime.com		Spoof of Israel Shtime, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
kansascityjournalpost.com	kansascityjournalpost.com		Spoof of Kansas City Journal-Post, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
karjalanmaa.com	karjalanmaa.com		Spoof of Karjalan Maa, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
kentuckyirishamerican.com	kentuckyirishamerican.com		Spoof of Kentucky Irish American, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
khalsa-akhbar-lahore.com	khalsa-akhbar-lahore.com		Spoof of Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
khalsaakhbarlahore.com	khalsaakhbarlahore.com		Spoof of Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
labanderaroja.com	labanderaroja.com		Spoof of La Bandera Roja, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
ladomenicadelcorriere.com	ladomenicadelcorriere.com		Spoof of La Domenica del Corriere, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lailustracionfilipina.com	lailustracionfilipina.com		Spoof of La Ilustración Filipina, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lajeunebelgique.com	lajeunebelgique.com		Spoof of La Jeune Belgique, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lanouvelleinternationale.com	lanouvelleinternationale.com		Spoof of La Nouvelle Internationale, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lecanadien.ca	lecanadien.ca		Spoof of Le Canadien, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lechodukatanga.com	lechodukatanga.com		Spoof of L'Écho du Katanga, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lecommuniste.com	lecommuniste.com		Spoof of Le Communiste, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
leedstimes.co.uk	leedstimes.co.uk		Spoof of Leeds Times, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
legrutleen.com	legrutleen.com		Spoof of Le Grutléen, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
leninshilzhas.com	leninshilzhas.com		Spoof of Leninshil Zhas, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lepaysdefrance.com	lepaysdefrance.com		Spoof of Le Pays de France, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lereveildutadla.com	lereveildutadla.com		Spoof of Le Réveil du Tadla, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
lereveiljuif.com	lereveiljuif.com		Spoof of Le Réveil juif, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
liverpoolcourier.com	liverpoolcourier.com		Spoof of Liverpool Courier, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
manchesterexaminer.com	manchesterexaminer.com		Spoof of Manchester Examiner, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
manchestertimes.co.uk	manchestertimes.co.uk		Spoof of Manchester Times, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
metroeastjournal.com	metroeastjournal.com		Spoof of Metro-East Journal, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
miamivalleychannel.com	miamivalleychannel.com		Spoof of Miami Valley Channel, a defunct cable TV channel.	[38]
minneapoliseveningjournal.com	minneapoliseveningjournal.com		Spoof of Minneapolis Evening Journal, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
mirat-ul-akhbar.com	mirat-ul-akhbar.com		Spoof of Mirat-ul-Akhbar, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
montrealdailynews.com	montrealdailynews.com		Spoof of Montreal Daily News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
moskovskykorrespondent.com	moskovskykorrespondent.com		Spoof of Moskovsky Korrespondent, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
msnbc.uk	msnbc.uk		Spoof of MSNBC.	[38]
nasisten.com	nasisten.com		Spoof of Nasisten, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
neweveningpost.com	neweveningpost.com		Spoof of New Evening Post, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
newyorkcourierandenquirer.com	newyorkcourierandenquirer.com		Spoof of New York Courier and Enquirer, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
newyorkeveningjournal.com	newyorkeveningjournal.com		Spoof of New York Evening Journal, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
newyorkjournalamerican.com	newyorkjournalamerican.com		Spoof of New York Journal-American, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
newyorkmorningtelegraph.com	newyorkmorningtelegraph.com		Spoof of The Morning Telegraph, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
newyorksundaynews.com	newyorksundaynews.com		Spoof of New York Sunday News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
niagaranewstv.com	niagaranewstv.com		Spoof of Niagara News TV, a defunct TV channel.	[38]
northchinadailynews.com	northchinadailynews.com		Spoof of North China Daily News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
northotagotimes.com	northotagotimes.com		Spoof of North Otago Times, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
northwestradio.ca	northwestradio.ca		Spoof of North West Radio, a defunct radio station.	[38]
oransocialiste.com	oransocialiste.com		Spoof of Oran socialiste, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
pekinggazette.com	pekinggazette.com		Spoof of Peking Gazette, a defunct government bulletin.	[38]
philippinesdailyexpress.com	philippinesdailyexpress.com		Spoof of Philippines Daily Express, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
portlandeveningjournal.com	portlandeveningjournal.com		Spoof of The Oregon Journal, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
protitisaigialeias.com	protitisaigialeias.com		Spoof of Proti tis Aigialeias.	[38]
russkoyeznamya.com	russkoyeznamya.com		Spoof of Russkoye Znamya, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
saltlaketelegram.com	saltlaketelegram.com		Spoof of Salt Lake Telegram, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
schweizamsonntag.com	schweizamsonntag.com		Spoof of Schweiz am Sonntag, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
shanghaieveningpostandmercury.com	shanghaieveningpostandmercury.com		Spoof of Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
shanghaijewishchronicle.com	shanghaijewishchronicle.com		Spoof of Shanghai Jewish Chronicle, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
singainesan.com	singainesan.com		Spoof of Singai Nesan, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
socialistweekly.com	socialistweekly.com		Spoof of Socialist Weekly, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
sovietweekly.com	sovietweekly.com		Spoof of Soviet Weekly, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
spoknippet.com	spoknippet.com		Spoof of Spöknippet, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
srilankadeepa.com	srilankadeepa.com		Spoof of Sri Lankadeepa, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
swatantranepali.com	swatantranepali.com		Spoof of Swatantra Nepali, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
sydney-gazette.com	sydney-gazette.com		Spoof of Sydney Gazette, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theadaircountynews.com	theadaircountynews.com		Spoof of Adair County News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theamericanweekly.com	theamericanweekly.com		Spoof of The American Weekly, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theaustraliancommunist.com	theaustraliancommunist.com		Spoof of The Australian Communist, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thebangkokrecorder.com	thebangkokrecorder.com		Spoof of The Bangkok Recorder, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thebaptisttimes.com	thebaptisttimes.com		Spoof of The Baptist Times.	[38]
thebombaychronicle.com	thebombaychronicle.com		Spoof of The Bombay Chronicle, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theceylonherald.com	theceylonherald.com		Spoof of The Ceylon Herald, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thecharlottesvilletribune.com	thecharlottesvilletribune.com		Spoof of The Charlottesville Tribune, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theclevelandgazette.com	theclevelandgazette.com		Spoof of The Cleveland Gazette, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thecolombojournal.com	thecolombojournal.com		Spoof of The Colombo Journal, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thedearbornindependent.com	thedearbornindependent.com		Spoof of The Dearborn Independent, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thedublingazette.com	thedublingazette.com		Spoof of The Dublin Gazette, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thehoovergazette.com	thehoovergazette.com		Spoof of The Hoover Gazette, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thejewishtribune.com	thejewishtribune.com		Spoof of The Jewish Tribune, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thekamloopsdailynews.com	thekamloopsdailynews.com		Spoof of The Kamloops Daily News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thekungsheungdailynews.com	thekungsheungdailynews.com		Spoof of The Kung Sheung Daily News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theliverpoolherald.com	theliverpoolherald.com		Spoof of The Liverpool Herald, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theliverpoolnews.com	theliverpoolnews.com		Spoof of The Liverpool News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thelouisvilleheraldpost.com	thelouisvilleheraldpost.com		Spoof of Louisville Herald-Post, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thelouisvilletimes.com	thelouisvilletimes.com		Spoof of The Louisville Times, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
themadrastimes.com	themadrastimes.com		Spoof of The Madras Times, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
themirrorofaustralia.com	themirrorofaustralia.com		Spoof of The Mirror of Australia, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thenevadajournal.com	thenevadajournal.com		Spoof of The Nevada Journal, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thenewzealandtablet.com	thenewzealandtablet.com		Spoof of The New Zealand Tablet, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thenorfolkweeklynews.com	thenorfolkweeklynews.com		Spoof of The Norfolk Weekly News, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theoregonjournal.com	theoregonjournal.com		Spoof of The Oregon Journal, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thequebectelegraph.com	thequebectelegraph.com		Spoof of Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thesandbornherald.com	thesandbornherald.com		Spoof of The Sandborn Herald, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
theseattlestar.com	theseattlestar.com		Spoof of The Seattle Star, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thetimesofceylon.com	thetimesofceylon.com		Spoof of The Times of Ceylon, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thetorontomail.com	thetorontomail.com		Spoof of The Toronto Mail, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thetulsatribune.com	thetulsatribune.com		Spoof of Tulsa Tribune, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thewellingtonindependent.com	thewellingtonindependent.com		Spoof of The Wellington Independent, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
thewhitesvilleindependentpress.com	thewhitesvilleindependentpress.com		Spoof of The Whitesville Independent Press, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
timesofcyprus.com	timesofcyprus.com		Spoof of Times of Cyprus, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
tokyonichinichishimbun.com	tokyonichinichishimbun.com		Spoof of Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
topekastatejournal.com	topekastatejournal.com		Spoof of The Topeka Capital-Journal.	[38]
torontotelegram.com	torontotelegram.com		Spoof of Toronto Telegram, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
worldeconomicherald.com	worldeconomicherald.com		Spoof of World Economic Herald, a defunct newspaper.	[38]
24hoursmanitoba.com	24hoursmanitoba.com			[38]
3newsagency.com	3newsagency.com			[38]
akhbarulusbua.com	akhbarulusbua.com			[38]
eveningpost.eu	eveningpost.eu			[38]
houstoneveningjournal.com	houstoneveningjournal.com			[38]
houstonmorningchronicle.com	houstonmorningchronicle.com			[38]
ludhiana-times.com	ludhiana-times.com			[38]
lyonsherald.com	lyonsherald.com			[38]
memphismorningnews.com	memphismorningnews.com			[38]
newyorknationaldemocrat.com	newyorknationaldemocrat.com			[38]
newyorkpressagency.com	newyorkpressagency.com			[38]
plymouthtribune.com	plymouthtribune.com			[38]
quebecherald.com	quebecherald.com			[38]
rochesterdailyamerican.com	rochesterdailyamerican.com			[38]
rockportjournal.com	rockportjournal.com			[38]
rockvilletimes.com	rockvilletimes.com			[38]
russkyinvalid.com	russkyinvalid.com			[38]
sindhgazette.com	sindhgazette.com			[38]
thecanadianspectator.com	thecanadianspectator.com			[38]
thehazletonnews.com	thehazletonnews.com			[38]
thelivenews.co.uk	thelivenews.co.uk			[38]
thesenator.eu	thesenator.eu			[38]
thestatesman.eu	thestatesman.eu			[38]
threemediagroup.com	threemediagroup.com			[38]
threenewsagency.com	threenewsagency.com			[38]
timesofalaska.com	timesofalaska.com			[38]
timesofambala.com	timesofambala.com			[38]
timesofamsterdam.com	timesofamsterdam.com			[38]
timesofargentina.com	timesofargentina.com			[38]
timesofaustria.com	timesofaustria.com			[38]
timesofazadkashmir.com	timesofazadkashmir.com			[38]
timesofbali.com	timesofbali.com			[38]
timesofbelgium.com	timesofbelgium.com			[38]
timesofbern.com	timesofbern.com			[38]
timesofbhutan.com	timesofbhutan.com			[38]
timesofbonn.com	timesofbonn.com			[38]
timesofbulgaria.com	timesofbulgaria.com			[38]
timesofcanberra.com	timesofcanberra.com			[38]
timesofcebu.com	timesofcebu.com			[38]
timesofchiangmai.com	timesofchiangmai.com			[38]
timesofchile.com	timesofchile.com			[38]
timesofcostarica.com	timesofcostarica.com			[38]
timesofcroatia.com	timesofcroatia.com			[38]
timesofdefence.com	timesofdefence.com			[38]
timesofeqypt.com	timesofeqypt.com			[38]
timesofestonia.com	timesofestonia.com			[38]
timesofgeneva.com	timesofgeneva.com			[38]
timesofhonduras.com	timesofhonduras.com			[38]
timesofhungary.com	timesofhungary.com			[38]
timesofjakarta.com	timesofjakarta.com			[38]
timesofjeddah.com	timesofjeddah.com			[38]
timesofkazakhstan.com	timesofkazakhstan.com			[38]
timesoflatvia.com	timesoflatvia.com			[38]
timesoflibya.com	timesoflibya.com			[38]
timesofluxembourg.com	timesofluxembourg.com			[38]
timesofmacau.com	timesofmacau.com			[38]
timesofmadinah.com	timesofmadinah.com			[38]
timesofmadrid.com	timesofmadrid.com			[38]
timesofmanitoba.com	timesofmanitoba.com			[38]
timesofmecca.com	timesofmecca.com			[38]
timesofmedina.com	timesofmedina.com			[38]
timesofmorocco.com	timesofmorocco.com			[38]
timesofnaples.com	timesofnaples.com			[38]
timesofnetherlands.com	timesofnetherlands.com			[38]
timesofnewbrunswick.com	timesofnewbrunswick.com			[38]
timesofnorthkorea.com	timesofnorthkorea.com			[38]
timesofpalau.com	timesofpalau.com			[38]
timesofperu.com	timesofperu.com			[38]
timesofpyongyang.com	timesofpyongyang.com			[38]
timesofriyadh.com	timesofriyadh.com			[38]
timesofromania.com	timesofromania.com			[38]
timesofsaotome.com	timesofsaotome.com			[38]
timesofseattle.com	timesofseattle.com			[38]
timesofseoul.com	timesofseoul.com			[38]
timesofsouthchinasea.com	timesofsouthchinasea.com			[38]
timesofsouthkorea.com	timesofsouthkorea.com			[38]
timesofspain.com	timesofspain.com			[38]
timesoftokyo.com	timesoftokyo.com			[38]
timesofvatican.com	timesofvatican.com			[38]
timesofvenezuela.com	timesofvenezuela.com			[38]
weeklylouisianian.com	weeklylouisianian.com			[38]
thr.threemediagroup.com	thr.threemediagroup.com			[38]
24hoursmontreal.com	24hoursmontreal.com		Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group.	[38]
24hoursvancouver.com	24hoursvancouver.com		Spoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group.	[38]
albanydailydemocrat.com	albanydailydemocrat.com		Spoof of Albany Democrat-Herald.	[38]
baltimoreeveningsun.com	baltimoreeveningsun.com		Spoof of The Baltimore Sun.	[38]
brownsvilletimes.com	brownsvilletimes.com		Spoof of The Times (Brownsville).	[38]
cbs-cable.com	cbs-cable.com		Spoof of CBS Cable.	[38]
dailystatesentinel.com	dailystatesentinel.com		Spoof of The Daily Sentinel (Texas).	[38]
timesoflosangeles.com	timesoflosangeles.com		Spoof of Los Angeles Times.	[38]
timesofmoscow.com	timesofmoscow.com		Spoof of The Moscow Times.	[38]
Big News Network	Bignewsnetwork.net			[35][36]
Big News Network	bignewsnetwork.com			[35][36]
FijiNews.net	FijiNews.net			[35][36]
NorthKoreaTimes.com	NorthKoreaTimes.com			[35][36]
VancouverStar.com	VancouverStar.com			[35][36]
PhoenixHerald.com	PhoenixHerald.com			[35][36]
RussiaHerald.com	RussiaHerald.com			[35][36]
CambodianTimes.com	CambodianTimes.com			[35][36]
indiasnews.net	indiasnews.net			[35][36]
zimbabwenews.net	zimbabwenews.net			[35][36]
sierraleonetimes.com	sierraleonetimes.com			[35][36]
World News Network	worldnewsnetwork.net			[35][36]
Los Angeles Evening Despatch				[35][36]
British News Network				[35][36]
Washington DC Despatch				[35][36]
Wisconsin Journal				[35][36]
Sri Lanka Island News				[35][36]
Westminister Times				[35][36]
Japan Times Today	japantimestoday.com		Spoof of The Japan Times.	[35][36]
South China Herald	southchinaherald.news		Spoof of the South China Morning Post.	[35][36]
Wall Street Sentinel	wallstreetsentinel.news		Spoof of The Wall Street Journal.	[35][36]
New York Despatch				[35][36]
Toronto Sun Times				[35][36]
UAE Times				[35][36]

Other campaigns

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
The Disinfo Lab	thedisinfolab.org		Owned by an officer of India's foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing.	[44][45]

Iran

Endless Mayfly

Endless Mayfly, dubbed by Citizen Lab, is an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign of inauthentic social media accounts and fake news websites that, according to Citizen Lab, "spreads falsehoods and amplifies narratives critical of Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Israel."[46] It is notable for using a technique that Citizen Lab described as "ephemeral disinformation": When an article from the campaign received significant engagement on social media, it was deleted and URLs were linked to the website that the article was falsely portraying.[46]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
addustuor.com	addustuor.com		Spoof of Addustour.	[46]
xn--aljaeera-4t0d.net	xn--aljaeera-4t0d.net		Spoofing of Al Jazeera. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign.	[46][47]
al-jazirah.org	al-jazirah.org		Spoof of Al Jazeera.	[46]
al-shargh.com	al-shargh.com		Spoof of Al Sharq.	[46]
al-watan.co	al-watan.co		Spoof of Al-Watan.	[46]
alarabyia.org	alarabyia.org		Spoof of Al Arabiya.	[46]
alettehad.net	alettehad.net		Spoof of Al-Ittihad.	[46]
aliraq-news.com	aliraq-news.com			[46]
aljlazeera.com	aljlazeera.com		Spoof of Al Jazeera.	[46]
xn--alnaaregypt-cm8e.com	xn--alnaaregypt-cm8e.com		Spoof of Al-Nahar.	[46]
alryiadh.com	alryiadh.com		Spoof of Al Riyadh.	[46]
alwatannewspaper.net	alwatannewspaper.net		Spoof of Al-Watan.	[46]
xn--arab21-6va.com	xn--arab21-6va.com		Spoof of Arabi21.	[46]
theatlatnic.com	theatlatnic.com		Spoofing of The Atlantic. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign.	[46][47]
bbc-Arabic.com	bbc-Arabic.com		Spoof of BBC Arabic.	[46]
belfercenter.net	belfercenter.net		Spoof of Belfer Center. Falsely claims that Avigdor Lieberman was fired by Benjamin Netanyahu in 2018 for being a Russian agent.	[46]
bloomberq.com	bloomberq.com		Spoof of Bloomberg.com.	[46]
braekingisraelnews.com	braekingisraelnews.com		Spoof of Breaking Israel News.	[46]
breakingisraelnews.net	breakingisraelnews.net		Spoof of Breaking Israel News.	[46]
brusslestimes.com	brusslestimes.com		Spoof of The Brussels Times.	[46]
budapestbaecon.com	budapestbaecon.com		Spoof of The Budapest Beacon.	[46]
bundesergierung.de	bundesergierung.de		Spoof of the official Bundesregierung website.	[46]
xn--c-wpma.com	xn--c-wpma.com		Spoof of CNN.	[46]
com-news-world.site	com-news-world.site		Spoof of the BBC.	[46]
com-users.info	com-users.info			[46]
dawalhaq.com	dawalhaq.com			[46]
daylisabah.com	daylisabah.com		Spoof of the Daily Sabah.	[46]
democraticcoalition.net	democraticcoalition.net			[46]
xn--etik-k54a.com	xn--etik-k54a.com		Spoof of Detik.	[46]
elwataannews.com	elwataannews.com		Spoof of El Watan News.	[46]
xn--emaraalyoum-1b9e.com	xn--emaraalyoum-1b9e.com		Spoof of Emarat Al Youm.	[46]
emaratallyoum.com	emaratallyoum.com		Spoof of Emarat Al Youm.	[46]
emaratalyuom.com	emaratalyuom.com		Spoof of Emarat Al Youm.	[46]
foreignpoilcy.com	foreignpoilcy.com		Spoof of Foreign Policy.	[46]
foriegnpolicy.net	foriegnpolicy.net		Spoof of Foreign Policy.	[46]
xn--frace24-mkb.com	xn--frace24-mkb.com		Spoof of France 24.	[46]
theglobeandmail.org	theglobeandmail.org		Spoof of The Globe and Mail.	[46]
thaguardian.com	thaguardian.com		Spoof of The Guardian.	[46]
theguaradian.com	theguaradian.com		Spoof of The Guardian.	[46]
xn--theguardan-4ub.com	xn--theguardan-4ub.com		Spoofing of The Guardian that uses an IDN homograph attack in which the "i" in the "guardian" is replaced by the Turkish character "ı". Contains fabricated quotes from John Scarlett that suggest CIA and MI6 involvement in the Rose Revolution to weaken Russia. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign.	[46][47]
xn--theguardia-dq2e.com	xn--theguardia-dq2e.com		Spoof of The Guardian.	[46]
haaaretz.com	haaaretz.com		Spoof of Haaretz.	[46]
xn--haarez-m17b.com	xn--haarez-m17b.com		Spoofing of Haaretz. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign.	[46][47]
theheraldscotland.com	theheraldscotland.com		Spoof of The Herald Scotland.	[46]
xn--huffngtonpost-69b.com	xn--huffngtonpost-69b.com		Spoof of the Huffington Post that uses an IDN homograph attack, replacing "i" with "ı".	[46]
xn--ndependent-77a.com	xn--ndependent-77a.com		Spoof of The Independent.	[46]
indepnedent.co	indepnedent.co		Typosquatting spoof of The Independent.	[46]
israelhayom.net	israelhayom.net		Spoof of Israel Hayom.	[46]
xn--sraelinarabic-29b.com	xn--sraelinarabic-29b.com		Spoof of Israel in Arabic.	[46]
xn--israelinarabi-ugb.com	xn--israelinarabi-ugb.com		Spoof of Israel in Arabic.	[46]
israellinarabic.com	israellinarabic.com		Spoof of Israel in Arabic.	[46]
israelnationalnews.co	israelnationalnews.co		Spoof of Israel National News.	[46]
israelnationalnews.net	israelnationalnews.net		Spoof of Israel National News.	[46]
jerusaleimonline.com	jerusaleimonline.com		Spoof of Jerusalem Online.	[46]
thejerusalempost.org	thejerusalempost.org		Spoof of The Jerusalem Post.	[46]
lesoir.info	lesoir.info		Spoof of Le Soir. Part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. Also used to spread a false claim about Emmanuel Macron's campaign being funded by Saudi Arabia during the 2017 French Presidential Election.	[46][48]
xn--telocal-xt3c.com	xn--telocal-xt3c.com		Spoof of The Local.	[46]
mesralarabiya.com	mesralarabiya.com		Spoof of MasrAlarabia.	[46]
mintpressnevvs.com	mintpressnevvs.com		Spoof of MintPress News.	[46]
nationalepost.com	nationalepost.com		Spoof of National Post.	[46]
xn--nationmaser-5b9e.com	xn--nationmaser-5b9e.com		Spoof of NationMaster.	[46]
policito.com	policito.com		Spoof of Politico.	[46]
xn--plitico-d5b.com	xn--plitico-d5b.com		Spoof of Politico.	[46]
xn--r-2rm.com	xn--r-2rm.com		Spoof of RT.	[46]
sharjah24.co	sharjah24.co		Spoof of Sharjah24.	[46]
shoruknews.com	shoruknews.com		Spoof of Al-Shorouk.	[46]
speigel.net	speigel.net		Spoof of Der Spiegel.	[46]
timesoffisrael.com	timesoffisrael.com		Spoof of The Times of Israel.	[46]
timesofisraeil.com	timesofisraeil.com		Spoof of The Times of Israel.	[46]
xn--wa-exs.com	xn--wa-exs.com		Spoof of Emirates News Agency.	[46]
waradena.com	waradena.com		Spoof of Waradana.	[46]
washnigtonexaminer.com	washnigtonexaminer.com		Spoof of The Washington Examiner.	[46]

International Union of Virtual Media (IUVM)

The International Union of Virtual Media is described by the Atlantic Council as "a cluster of ostensibly independent websites that aggressively repackaged and re-broadcast Iranian state media",[49] without citation.[50] The network has been taken down by Facebook, Twitter, and Google for coordinated inauthentic behavior.[50]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
iuvm.org	iuvm.org		Seized by the United States federal government in 2020.	[51][52]
IUVMApp				[53][49]
IUVM Archive	iuvmarchive.com			[50]
iuvmdaily.com	iuvmdaily.com			[50]
iuvmonline.com	iuvmonline.com			[50]
IUVM Pixel	iuvmpixel.com			[50][53]
IUVM Press	iuvmpress.com		Seized by the United States federal government in 2020.	[50][52][51][53][49]
IUVM TV	iuvmtv.com		Seized by the United States federal government in 2020.	[50][52]

Storm-2035

Storm-2035, dubbed by Microsoft Threat Analysis Center in August 2024, is attributed by Microsoft researchers to "an Iranian network" and described by them as a collection of fake news websites that has been active since at least 2020 and has targeted both conservative and liberal audiences in the United States.[54] At least some of their content has been alleged by Microsoft to be created by generative artificial intelligence models to repost content from United States-based news outlets without attribution.[54] Such outlets include The Guardian, The Week, Newsweek, and the Los Angeles Times.[55][56] An investigation from OpenAI found that the network used ChatGPT to generate articles and social media comments.[57] A network of social media accounts that promoted one of the sites was taken down in 2022 by Twitter for coordinated inauthentic behavior.[54]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Afro Majority	afromajority.com			[58][59]
EvenPolitics	evenpolitics.com			[54][55][56][57][58]
Nio Thinker	niothinker.com			[60][54][57][58]
Not Our War				[59]
Savannah Time	savannahtime.com			[60][54][57][58]
Teorator	teorator.com			[57]
Westland Sun	westlandsun.com			[57][58]

Other campaigns

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
AWDNews	awdnews.com	Defunct	Khawaja Muhammad Asif, the Minister of Defence of Pakistan, warned Israel of nuclear retaliation on Twitter after a false story claiming that Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Ministry of Defense, said "If Pakistan send ground troops into Syria on any pretext, we will destroy this country with a nuclear attack."[61][62] Seized by the United States federal government in 2020.	[61][63][53][64]
The British Left	britishleft.com		Masquerades as a United Kingdom-based news outlet.	[63][65]
Critics Chronicle	criticschronicle.com		Masquerades as a United Kingdom-based news outlet.	[63][65]
Instituto Manquehue	institutomanquehue.org		Masquerades as a Latin America-based NGO.	[63][65]
Liberty Front Press	libertyfrontpress.com		Masquerades as a United States-based news outlet.	[63][65]
Real Progressive Front	rpfront.com		Masquerades as a United States-based news outlet and NGO.	[63][65]
US Journal	usjournal.net		Masquerades as a United States-based news outlet.	[63][65]

Israel

Zeno Zeno

Starting in October 2023, the Israeli government via the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs supported what the New York Times and Haaretz described as an "influence campaign" that primarily targeted Black lawmakers in the Democratic Party, as well as young left-leaning residents of the United States and Canada.[66][67] The ministry hired Stoic, an Israeli political marketing firm, to conduct the operation,[66][67] dubbed Zeno Zeno by OpenAI.[68] Social media accounts and pages linked to the campaign were taken down by Meta in 2024 for coordinated inauthentic behavior,[69][66] including the use of profile pictures created by generative adversarial networks and possibly hijacked accounts.[70] Many social media posts from the campaign were created by ChatGPT.[66]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Arab Slave Trade	arabslavetrade.wiki		Copied from Wikipedia. Targeted Black Americans to spread the message of Arab involvement in the slave trade in Africa.	[67][69]
The Good Samaritan	the-good-samaritan.com		Per Haaretz, a site that "mapped and ranked American universities according to the amount of alleged antisemitic incidents on their campuses and whether it was safe for Jews to study there."[67] Promoted by Non-Agenda.	[67][69]
The Moral Alliance	moral-alliance.com		Described by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]".[69] Redirected to The Good Samaritan website.	[69][71][72][70]
	moralalliance.co
Non-Agenda	nonagenda.com		Described by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]".[69]	[66][69][72][70]
Serenity Now!	serenitynow.today		Posed as an anarchist website.	[67][69]
The Human Fellowship	thehumanfellowship.co		Linked to The Moral Alliance.	[69]
Unfold Magazine	ufnews.io		Described by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]".[69]	[66][69][72]
United Citizens for Canada	uc4canada.com		Targeting a Canadian audience, published content widely described as Islamophobic.	[67][69][70]

Italy

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
ByoBlu	byoblu.com		Spread false claims about contact tracing applications used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Founded by former communication lead of the Five Star Movement. Published deceptive information circulated on Twitter, spreading disinformation in the context of the 2019 European elections.	[31][73][74]
Il Primato Nazionale	ilprimatonazionale.it		Spread false information about Italian government policy with respect to immigrants and COVID-19. Linked to CasaPound.	[31][75][76]
La Cosa	la-cosa.it		Setup by the Five Star Movement.	[77]
La Fucina	lafucina.it		Setup by the Five Star Movement. Falsely claimed that Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down by a Ukrainian pilot.	[77][78]
TzeTze	tzetze.it		Setup by the Five Star Movement.	[77]

Mexico

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
elpoderdelsaber.com	elpoderdelsaber.com		Associated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. Published death hoax about Carmen Aristegui.	[79]
elviejosabio.com	elviejosabio.com		Associated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party.	[79]
sevenaldia.com	sevenaldia.com		Associated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party.	[79]
telodijeyo.com	telodijeyo.com		Associated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party.	[79]

Myanmar

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Tatmadaw Media Group	tatmadawmediagroup.com		Linked to members of the Tatmadaw. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.	[80]

Nigeria

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Aso Villa News	asovillanews.xyz		Owned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement.	[81]
Exclusive103	exclusive103.com		Per Africa Check and DUBAWA. Owned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement.	[81][82][83][84]
I News	imocitytv.com		Owned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement.	[81]

Pakistan

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
CJ Post	cjpost.co.uk		Linked to AlphaPro, a Pakistani public relations firm, which also has ties to the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) of the Pakistani military. Part of a network of social media accounts and pages that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. A separate network of accounts and pages that was alleged to be linked to the ISPR was taken down by Facebook in 2019.	[85]

People's Republic of China

HaiEnergy

Shanghai Haixun Technology Co., Ltd (上海海讯社科技有限公司), a Chinese public relations firm, is linked to an influence campaign (titled "HaiEnergy" by Mandiant) to promote positive energy, which Mandiant defines as "messages positively portraying the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the Chinese Government, and its policies."[86] Mandiant alleged that the firm had possibly staged protests in Washington D.C. in 2022 involving religious freedom and the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act.[87]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
24 News	24usnews.com			[86]
Aisa Korea	aisakorea.com			[86]
All City Times	allcitytimes.com			[86]
Anna Times	annatimes.com			[86]
Austria Weekly	austriaweekly.com			[86]
Charm Daily	charmdaily.com			[86]
Czech Weekly	czechweekly.com			[86]
Director Times	directortimes.com			[86]
Donga Daily	dongadaily.com			[86]
Egypt Daily	egyptdaily.org			[86]
Elec Daily	elecdaily.com			[86]
Espana Daily	espanadaily.com			[86]
Eur Times	eutimes.fr			[86]
Exactly News	exactlynews.com			[86]
E.MP	finance.austriaweekly.com			[86]
Finance.TZ	finance.thaibizdaily.com			[86]
Finland Weekly	finlandweekly.com			[86]
Focus on Russia	automobile.trademarksdaily.com			[86]
財富台灣	caifutw.com			[86]
FT Voice	finance.thewarsawvoice.com			[86]
Hani Daily	hanidaily.com			[86]
Hanna Press	hannapress.com			[86]
Health Latest Job News	health.latestjobnews.in			[86]
香港日報	hkdaily.net			[86]
香港週報	weeklyhongkong.com			[86]
Huabei Daily	vn.huabeidaily.com			[86]
Hurriyet Business	hurriyetbusiness.com			[86]
Inspect News	inspectnews.com			[86]
Jakarta Globe	jakartaglobe.org			[86]
Joins Da	markets.joinsdaily.com			[86]
The Korea Times	thekoreatimes.org			[86]
KR Economy	kreconomy.com			[86]
KR Pop Star	krpopstar.com			[86]
Latest Job News	latestjobnews.in			[86]
Lehua Times	lehuatimes.com			[86]
Lori Times	loritimes.com			[86]
Mecha Times	mechatimes.com			[86]
Moscow TV	moscowtv.vip			[86]
Nanyang Daily	nanyangdaily.com			[86]
Nets Bay	netsbay.com			[86]
New Delhi News	newdelhinews.club			[86]
New York City Morning Post	nycmorning.com			[86]
NGR Daily	nigeriacom.com			[86]
NZL Daily	newzealandgazette.com			[86]
Portugal Daily	portugaldaily.com			[86]
Qatar Daily	qatardaily.org			[86]
RAND Daily	randdaily.com			[86]
RU Business	rubusiness.club			[86]
RU Industrial	ruindustrial.com			[86]
Russian Daily	russiadaily.org			[86]
Russian Daily	therussiadaily.com			[86]
Sain Times	saintimes.com			[86]
Saudi Weekly	saudiweekly.com			[86]
Seoul Daily	seouldaily.org			[86]
Startup India Magazine	startupindiamagazine.com			[86]
Swiss Weekly	swissweekly.com			[86]
Swiss Zeitung	swisszeitung.com			[86]
台灣焦點	hotintaiwan.com			[86]
TH Truth	thtruth.com			[86]
The Thailands	thethailands.com			[86]
TMK Daily	trademarksdaily.com			[86]
Toyo Times	toyotimes.com			[86]
Unsee News	unseenews.com			[86]
The Warsaw Voice	thewarsawvoice.com			[86]
Yarl Times	yarltimes.com			[86]
Yasu Daily	yasudaily.com			[86]
Times Newswire	timesnewswire.com		Linked to both HaiEnergy and PAPERWALL influence operations.	[87][88][89]
World Newswire	wdwire.com		Used by Haixun and owned by another marketing firm based in China, Shenzhen Bowen Media Information Technology Co., Ltd.	[87][89]
The Arizona Republic	finance.azcentral.com			[87]
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette	markets.post-gazette.com			[87]
Starkville Daily News	business.starkvilledailynews.com			[87]
The Kane Republican	business.kanerepublican.com			[87]
Sweetwater Reporter	business.sweetwaterreporter.com			[87]
The Daily Press	business.smdailypress.com			[87]
Poteau Daily News	business.poteaudailynews.com			[87]
The Call	business.woonsocketcall.com			[87]
Mammoth Times	business.mammothtimes.com			[87]
The Evening Leader	business.theeveningleader.com			[87]
The Post and Mail	business.thepostandmail.com			[87]
My Mother Lode	money.mymotherlode.com			[87]
The Inyo Register	business.inyoregister.com			[87]
The Punxsutawney Spirit	business.punxsutawneyspirit.com			[87]
Borger New-Herald	business.borgernewsherald.com			[87]
The Times	business.pawtuckettimes.com			[87]
Statesman Examiner	business.statesmanexaminer.com			[87]
Decatur Daily Democrat	business.decaturdailydemocrat.com			[87]
The Pilot News	business.thepilotnews.com			[87]
The Newport Daily Express	business.newportvermontdailyexpress.com			[87]
Malvern Daily Record	business.malvern-online.com			[87]
Southern Rhode Island Newspapers	business.ricentral.com			[87]
Wapakoneta Daily News	business.wapakdailynews.com			[87]
Times Record	business.times-online.com			[87]
The Guymon Daily Herald	business.guymondailyherald.com			[87]
Daily Times Leader	business.dailytimesleader.com			[87]
The Ridgway Record	business.ridgwayrecord.com			[87]
Big Spring Herald	business.bigspringherald.com			[87]
The Observer News Enterprise	business.observernewsonline.com			[87]
The Saline Courier	business.bentoncourier.com			[87]
The Buffalo News	markets.buffalonews.com			[87]
The Community Post	business.minstercommunitypost.com			[87]

PAPERWALL

Shenzhen Haimaiyunxiang Media Co., Ltd., a Chinese public relations firm, is linked to an influence campaign (titled "PAPERWALL" by Citizen Lab) to "[disseminate] pro-Beijing disinformation and ad hominem attacks".[88] Citizen Lab concludes that their analysis "[confirms] the increasingly important role private firms play in the realm of digital influence operations and the propensity of the Chinese government to make use of them."[88]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
usa-aa.com	usa-aa.com			[88]
doloreshoy.co	doloreshoy.co			[88]
splinsider.com	splinsider.com			[88]
garagumsowda.com	garagumsowda.com			[88]
laplatapost.com	laplatapost.com			[88]
lujanexpresar.com	lujanexpresar.com			[88]
wienbuzz.com	wienbuzz.com			[88]
boicpost.com	boicpost.com			[88]
brasilindustry.com	brasilindustry.com			[88]
brmingpao.com	brmingpao.com			[88]
financeiropost.com	financeiropost.com			[88]
goiasmine.com	goiasmine.com			[88]
pauloexpressar.com	pauloexpressar.com			[88]
pernambucostar.com	pernambucostar.com			[88]
rioninepage.com	rioninepage.com			[88]
swisshubnews.com	swisshubnews.com			[88]
sanrafaelscoop.com	sanrafaelscoop.com			[88]
martapost.com	martapost.com			[88]
bohemiadaily.com	bohemiadaily.com			[88]
frankfurtsta.com	frankfurtsta.com			[88]
munichnp.com	munichnp.com			[88]
dkindustry.co	dkindustry.co			[88]
lguazu.com	lguazu.com			[88]
andregaceta.com	andregaceta.com			[88]
cordovapress.org	cordovapress.org			[88]
Sevilla Times	sevillatimes.com			[88]
tarragonapost.com	tarragonapost.com			[88]
guellherald.com	guellherald.com			[88]
suomiexpress.com	suomiexpress.com			[88]
frnewsfeed.com	frnewsfeed.com			[88]
froneplus.com	froneplus.com			[88]
friendlyparis.com	friendlyparis.com			[88]
alpsbiz.com	alpsbiz.com			[88]
economyfr.com	economyfr.com			[88]
eiffelpost.com	eiffelpost.com			[88]
fftribune.com	fftribune.com			[88]
louispress.org	louispress.org			[88]
provencedaily.com	provencedaily.com			[88]
rmtcityfr.com	rmtcityfr.com			[88]
doyletimes.com	doyletimes.com			[88]
Napoli Money	napolimoney.com			[88][90]
Italia Finanziarie	italiafinanziarie.com			[88][90]
Milano Moda Weekly	milanomodaweekly.com			[88][90]
Roma Journal	romajournal.org			[88][90]
Torino Human	torinohuman.com			[88][90]
Venezia Post	veneziapost.com			[88][90]
dy-press.com	dy-press.com			[88]
Fujiyama Times	fujiyamatimes.com			[88]
fukuitoday.com	fukuitoday.com			[88]
fukuoka-ken.com	fukuoka-ken.com			[88]
ginzadaily.com	ginzadaily.com			[88]
hokkaidotr.com	hokkaidotr.com			[88]
kanagawa-ken.com	kanagawa-ken.com			[88]
meiji-mura.com	meiji-mura.com			[88]
nihondaily.com	nihondaily.com			[88]
nikkonews.com	nikkonews.com			[88]
saitama-ken.com	saitama-ken.com			[88]
sendaishimbun.com	sendaishimbun.com			[88]
tokushima-ken.com	tokushima-ken.com			[88]
tokyobuilder.com	tokyobuilder.com			[88]
yamatocore.com	yamatocore.com			[88]
bucheontech.com	bucheontech.com			[88]
busanonline.com	busanonline.com			[88]
cctimes.org	cctimes.org			[88]
chungjutravel.com	chungjutravel.com			[88]
chungnamonline.com	chungnamonline.com			[88]
daegujournal.com	daegujournal.com			[88]
daejeontraffic.com	daejeontraffic.com			[88]
gangwonculture.com	gangwonculture.com			[88]
gwangjuedu.com	gwangjuedu.com			[88]
gyeonggidaily.com	gyeonggidaily.com			[88]
gyeongpe.com	gyeongpe.com			[88]
incheonfocus.com	incheonfocus.com			[88]
jejutr.com	jejutr.com			[88]
jeontoday.com	jeontoday.com			[88]
krectimes.com	krectimes.com			[88]
seoulpr.com	seoulpr.com			[88]
ulsanindustry.com	ulsanindustry.com			[88]
gauljournal.com	gauljournal.com			[88]
olmecpress.com	olmecpress.com			[88]
teotihuacaneco.com	teotihuacaneco.com			[88]
xochimilcolife.com	xochimilcolife.com			[88]
greaterdutch.com	greaterdutch.com			[88]
nlpress.org	nlpress.org			[88]
vikingun.org	vikingun.org			[88]
bydgoszczdaily.com	bydgoszczdaily.com			[88]
wawelexpress.com	wawelexpress.com			[88]
ptnavigat.com	ptnavigat.com			[88]
baleadimineata.com	baleadimineata.com			[88]
rogazette.com	rogazette.com			[88]
aksaydaily.com	aksaydaily.com			[88]
ekaterintech.com	ekaterintech.com			[88]
findmoscow.com	findmoscow.com			[88]
gorodbusiness.com	gorodbusiness.com			[88]
kazanculture.com	kazanculture.com			[88]
rostovlife.com	rostovlife.com			[88]
samaraindustry.com	samaraindustry.com			[88]
stptb.org	stptb.org			[88]
tulunet.com	tulunet.com			[88]
volgogradpost.com	volgogradpost.com			[88]
balasaguntimes.com	balasaguntimes.com			[88]
ismoili.com	ismoili.com			[88]
buranadaily.com	buranadaily.com			[88]
wakhan.org	wakhan.org			[88]
luddpress.com	luddpress.com			[88]
kopetbiz.com	kopetbiz.com			[88]
balasagunherald.com	balasagunherald.com			[88]
taurustimes.com	taurustimes.com			[88]
anadoluha.com	anadoluha.com			[88]
araratdaily.com	araratdaily.com			[88]
cappadociapost.org	cappadociapost.org			[88]
bmhtoday.com	bmhtoday.com			[88]
benmorning.com	benmorning.com			[88]
britishft.com	britishft.com			[88]
conanfinance.com	conanfinance.com			[88]
deiniolnews.com	deiniolnews.com			[88]
euleader.org	euleader.org			[88]
glasgowtr.com	glasgowtr.com			[88]
londonclup.com	londonclup.com			[88]
ulstergrowth.com	ulstergrowth.com			[88]
vtnay.org	vtnay.org			[88]
wdpp.org	wdpp.org			[88]
updatenews.info	updatenews.info			[88]

Glassbridge

Glassbridge, dubbed by Google Threat Intelligence Group, is an information operation that ties together three marketing firms based in China (Shanghai Haixun Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen Haimai Yunxiang Media, and Shenzhen Bowen Media, plus a unspecified fourth company) to a network of over 1,000 impostor news websites that support the Chinese government and target audiences in at least 30 countries, including the Chinese diaspora. Some content posted on these sites overlaps with the Spamouflage disinformation operation.[89]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Boston Journal			Not to be confused with the Boston Journal, a 19th-20th century newspaper from the United States.	[89]
Conversa Do Brasil				[89]
Deutsches Journal				[89]

Happytify network (歡享網)

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Happytify / Huanxiangwang	happytify.cc		A content farm network by a Chinese marketing firm, Wuwei Technologies (無為科技). Accused of plagiarism from major news outlets. Posted anti-Democratic Progressive Party articles that were described in a joint report by Graphika, Institute for the Future and the International Republican Institute as "sensational and false".[91] Seen by researchers as an example of "cognitive warfare" by the Chinese government.[92]	[91][93][92]

Philippines

Main article: Fake news in the Philippines § List of fake news websites

Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media.[94] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news[95][96] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic.[97][98][99]

The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it.[100]

Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: Former President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and President Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages.[101] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte.[102] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration.[103] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs.[102]

According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls.[104] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero"[105] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Donald Trump nomination and the 2016 United States elections.[106]

Republic of China

Mission (密訊)

Mission is a content farm that has repeatedly published false information and republished or rephrased stories from other outlets, especially the China Times.[107][108] It is connected to Lin Cheng-kuo (林正國), a former assistant for Wang Ping-chung (王炳忠), a spokesperson for the New Party.[91][107][108] The network uses "link wheeling" to manipulate search engine rankings by Google and Bing, and repeatedly switched domain names to get ahead of bans by Facebook (including the use of beeper.live, a content farm in Malaysia). Mission has promoted content from The Reacher (觸極者), a site also run by Lin, and both sites in turn promoted a China-Taiwan exchange program jointly managed by the Taiwan Affairs Office, several state-run media outlets in China (China Media Group, iTaiwan News Network (海峽飛虹中文網), Huaxia.net (華夏經緯網), Sichuan Daily New Media Centre (四川日報新媒體中心)), and a private media company based in Taiwan.[107][108]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Mission (密訊)	Mission.tw			[91]
Mission (密訊)	pplomo.com			[91][107][108]
Mission (密訊)	mission-tw.com			[107][108]
Mission (密訊)	missiback.com			[91][107][108]
Mission (密訊)	mission-hosti.com			[91][107][108]
Mission (密訊)	tiksomo.com			[91][107][108]
Mission (密訊)	gufunnews.com			[91]
Mission (密訊)	new.mission-tw.com			[91]
Mission (密訊)	gaochuji.com			[91]
Mission (密訊)	mission-new.com			[91]
Mission (密訊)	tiksomo.com			[91]
Mission (密訊)	falotat.com			[91]
Mission (密訊)	osometalk.com			[91]
Mission (密訊)	itaiwan.mission-tw.com			[91]

Russia

Main article: List of political disinformation website campaigns in Russia

See also: Doppelganger (disinformation campaign)

South Africa

Radical Economic Transformation media network

See also: Bell Pottinger § Activities in South Africa

A network of websites, dubbed the Radical Economic Transformation media network by the African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting[109] and described by journalists as "disinformation"[110] and "propaganda",[110][111] promoted the concept of white monopoly capital and repeatedly and anonymously attacked Cyril Ramaphosa, journalists, opposition politicians and other critics of the Gupta family, Jacob Zuma and their associates.[110] The sites were registered by CNET Infosystem, an Indian reputation management firm that is linked to the Gupta family, who had close ties with Zuma.[110] As of 2017, they received nearly all of their web traffic from users in India, and were linked to pro-Gupta and pro-Zuma Twitter accounts whose posts were retweeted by bot accounts.[110] This network of websites and social media assets also included media outlets owned by the Gupta family: ANN7 and The New Age.[111] The overall social media strategy was analyzed by Bell Pottinger, who was contracted by the Gupta family.[111] The New York Times noted that, due to the disinformation campaign, "racial tensions [in South Africa] rose to levels that had not been felt since apartheid" and asserted that the campaign significantly damaged the cause of advancing economic equality for Black South Africans.[111]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
dodgysaministers.com	dodgysaministers.com			[110]
fakeguptaleaks.com	fakeguptaleaks.com			[110]
publicopinion.co.za	publicopinion.co.za			[110]
southafricabuzz.co.za	southafricabuzz.co.za			[110]
whitemonopoly.com	whitemonopoly.com			[110]
whitemonopolyafrica.com	whitemonopolyafrica.com			[110]
whitemonopolycapital.com	whitemonopolycapital.com			[110]
WMC Leaks	wmcleaks.com		Per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory.	[110][112][111][113]
WMC Scams	wmcscams.com			[110][111]
wmc-scams.com	wmc-scams.com			[110]

Spain

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Euskal News	euskalnews.com		Connected to Basque politician David Pasarin-Gegunde. Described by ProPublica as "a Google publishing partner that mixes anti-immigrant content and vaccine disinformation with warnings of an impending globalist and EU takeover."[6] A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica.	[6]

Sweden

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Nya Dagbladet	nyadagbladet.se		Identified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news".[75] Reportedly linked to Nationaldemokraterna. Accused of spreading anti-vaccine misinformation, Holocaust denial, and the white genocide conspiracy theory. Promoted a document falsely alleged to be from the RAND Corporation.	[75][114][115]
Nyheter Idag	nyheteridag.se		Identified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news".[75] Closely associated with the Sweden Democrats. Founded by Chang Frick, who is described as "a former Sweden Democrat official"[116] and has also worked for RT. Connected to Kent Ekeroth and Jeppe Juhl. Owned by Ilan Sadé.	[75][116][117][118]
Samnytt	samnytt.se		Identified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news".[75] Works with AdStyle, which uses ads with fictitious celebrity endorsements. Closely associated with the Sweden Democrats, receiving donations from Kent Ekeroth. A writer for the site who used to work for the Sweden Democrats was denied parliamentary press accreditation after Swedish security police concluded that he was associated with Russian intelligence.	[75][117][119][120][116][118]

Tanzania

Between 2020 and 2021, a network of Twitter accounts was used by "[Tanzanian-]government aligned individuals" supportive of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party to harass activists, journalists, and Tanzanian opposition politicians. The campaign was possibly "partially outsourced to a Russian-speaking country", and involved false copyright campaigns: Twitter content that criticized the CCM party was added to blog sites (listed below) and back dated, and then the original content was reported to Twitter under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This network was suspended by Twitter in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.[121]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
AfricaTopNews	africatopnews.blogspot.com			[121]
Covid Tanzania	covidtanzania.wordpress.com			[121]
NewsTzOlivia	newstzolivia.wordpress.com			[121]

Tunisia

Operation Carthage

An influence operation, dubbed Operation Carthage by the Digital Forensics Research Lab, was conducted in an attempt to influence the 2019 Tunisian presidential election. The operation was conducted by UReputation, a Tunisian public relations firm linked to Lotfi Bel Hadj. The campaign had also attempted to influence politics in Comoros (2019 Comorian presidential election), Côte D'Ivoire (2020 Ivorian presidential election), and Togo (2020 Togolese presidential election). The company also had assets in Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Madagascar, Niger, and Senegal. Related social media accounts and pages were taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.[122]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Actu France	Actu-France.com		Has blank "About Page".	[122]
Afrika News	afrika-news.com		Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Faure Gnassingbé.	[122]
Afrikan Post	afrikanpost.fr		Has similar website design as Revue de l'Afrique and Afrika News. Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. Copies content from other news websites.	[122]
Eco Mag	eco-mag.com		Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint.	[122]
Fake News Checking	fakenewschecking.com		Connected to UReputation. Presented itself as a fact-checking outlet.	[122]
Le Muslim Post	lemuslimpost.com		Funded by Lotfi Bel Hadj.	[122]
Maghreb Info	Maghreb-Info.com		Has similar website design as Revue de l’Afrique and Afrika News. Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Nabil Karoui.	[122]
Revue de L'Afrique	revue-afrique.com		Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Faure Gnassingbé.	[122]

Ukraine

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Begemot.com	Begemot.com		Linked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.	[23]
Begemot.media	Begemot.media		Linked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.	[23]
Begemot.news	Begemot.news		Linked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.	[23]
thickpolicy.media	thickpolicy.media		Linked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.	[23]

Luhansk

The following websites are part of a network that has been alleged to have links to NewsFront, Borotba, and individuals in Russian-occupied Luhansk. Related social media accounts were taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior.[123]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
capitalnews.us	capitalnews.us			[123]
Le Tarde Republicana	Tarde-republicana.es			[123][124]
esrepublica.es	esrepublica.es			[123]
tribuno-popolare.it	tribuno-popolare.it			[123]
bagimsizbasin.info.tr	bagimsizbasin.info.tr			[123]
Szeged Hírek	szegedhir.eu			[123][124]
incident24-7.ru	incident24-7.ru			[123]
massmedia24.com	massmedia24.com			[123]
9may.org	9may.org			[123]
hadashot-erev.info	hadashot-erev.info			[123]
Pravdorub	pravdorub.md			[123][124]
Echo of Moldova	eho.md			[123]
Echo of Moldova	ehomd.info			[123]
Kyrgyzstan Echo	ehokg.org		Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint.	[123]
Kyrgyzstan Echo	ehokg.info		Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint.	[123]
Kazakhstan Echo	ehonews.kz		Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint.	[123]
24-7 News	24-7news.eu		Copied content from Euronews, NewsFront and The Epoch Times. Promoted a claim accusing Ukraine of environmental pollution, which Graphika described as a "trope of Russian propaganda, Ukraine as a nuclear disaster".[123]	[123][124]
britisherald.org.uk	britisherald.org.uk		Promoted a claim accusing Ukraine of environmental pollution, which Graphika described as a "trope of Russian propaganda, Ukraine as a nuclear disaster".[123]	[123]
European group of action 'Ecology and peace'	ecoandpeace.eu			[123]
Abendlich Hamburg	abend-hamburg.de	Defunct		[123][124]
The Capital News	capital-news.org.uk		Accused by Graphika of information laundering.	[123][124]
summurynews.com	summurynews.com		Alleged by Die Welt and netzpolitik.org to be a "sister" site for NewsFront.[123][124]	[123][124]
central.Asia-news.com	central.Asia-news.com			[123][124]
Courrier Parisien	parisien-courrier.fr			[124]
Infoprof	infoprof.su			[124]

United Arab Emirates

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
iraqonlinenews.com	iraqonlinenews.com		According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.	[27]
Somalianow	somalianow.com		According to Digital Forensics Research Lab, linked to Newave, a public relations and marketing firm based in the United Arab Emirates. According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.	[27][125]
mauritanialive.com	mauritanialive.com		According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Includes an Emirati flag in its banner, which, according to the Stanford Internet Observatory, suggests a connection to the United Arab Emirates.	[27]
Palastine Alyoum	palestinealyoum.com		According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.	[27]
moroccosnews.com	moroccosnews.com		According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.	[27]
Algeria Today	algeriatodays.com		According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.	[27]

United Kingdom

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
News-watch	news-watch.co.uk		Associated with Leave.EU, whose website is noted by DeSmog to solicit donations for News-watch. Publishes climate change denialism.	[126]
Unity News Network	unitynewsnetwork.co.uk		Accused by the Global Disinformation Index of publishing climate change disinformation. Run by a youth leader of Ukip. Described by The Guardian as a "conspiracy theory website" in an article noting their role in the 2024 United Kingdom riots.[127]	[128][129][127]

United States

Main article: List of political disinformation website campaigns in the United States

See also: Pink-slime journalism

Prominent networks of sites by political campaigns in the United States include Courier, Local Report (connected to The American Independent), Metric Media (run by Brian Timpone), and Star News Digital Media (co-founded by Tea Party-affiliated activists.)[130][131][132][133][134][135][136]

Multinational

Qiqi News Network

Qiqi News Network is a content farm based in Malaysia, owned by Yee Kok Wai (余國威) and Evan Lee, that has been accused by researchers of publishing disinformation that favored the Chinese Communist Party prior to the 2020 Taiwanese general election, often spread over Line.[91][137][138] It spread a false story that COVID-19 originated in the United States.[91] The network was noted in a joint report by Graphika, Institute for the Future and the International Republican Institute to "[push] a worldview closely aligned with the CCP, frequently [use] mainland Chinese phrasings, and [recycle] articles from other news outlets, often Chinese state-owned media."[91] Several stories and website domains promoted by the network have been alleged, by Twitter and Audrey Tang of Taiwan's Ministry of Digital Affairs to be linked directly to the government of the People's Republic of China.[91] At least one member of the Chinese Unification Promotion Party, Chang Dong-nan (張東南), joined Yee's Facebook group, Global Chinese Alliance (全球華人聯盟), in 2014.[137][138]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Qiqi News Network	qiqi.today			[91]
Qiqi News Network	cnba.live			[91]
Qiqi News Network	kikis.xyz			[91]
Qiqi News Network	orgs.pub			[91]
Qiqi News Network	orgs.one			[91]
Qiqi News Network	qiqi77.online			[91]
Qiqi News Network	i77.today			[91]
Qiqi News Network	Mybezza.live			[91]
Qiqi News Network	orgs.host			[91]
Qiqi News Network	orgs.press			[91]
Qiqi News Network	twgreatdaily.live			[91]
Qiqi News Network	reurl.cc			[91]
Qiqi News Network	defense.rocks			[91]
Qiqi News Network	kikiz.xyz			[91]
Qiqi News Network	ititi.pro			[91]
Qiqi News Network	iqiqi.pro			[91]
Qiqi News Network	ikiki.xyz			[91]
Qiqi News Network (KanWatch)	kanwatch.best			[91][137][138]
Qiqi News Network	kanwatch.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	kanwatch.site			[91]
Qiqi News Network	kanwatch.club			[91]
Qiqi News Network	kanwatch.live			[91]
Qiqi News Network	qiqis.net			[91]
Qiqi News Network	iqiqis.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	kanwatch.me			[91]
Qiqi News Network	yxfashao.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	ptttube.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	allqiqi.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	qiqis.org			[91]
Qiqi News Network	newqiqi.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	My-love.org			[91]
Qiqi News Network	kanwatch.fun			[91]
Qiqi News Network	ilovestory.net			[91]
Qiqi News Network	lifehow.cc			[91]
Qiqi News Network	qiqu.world			[91]
Qiqi News Network	vivi81.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	7qiqi7.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	iyiyi.online			[91]
Qiqi News Network	ixixi.pro			[91]
Qiqi News Network	ipipi.me			[91]
Qiqi News Network	klkq.site			[91]
Qiqi News Network	qiqis.xyz			[91]
Qiqi News Network	7qi.site			[91]
Qiqi News Network	littlepet.cc			[91]
Qiqi News Network	funnytuu.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	gamefan.cc			[91]
Qiqi News Network	dragontechs.live			[91]
Qiqi News Network	kanwatch.press			[91]
Qiqi News Network	qiqi.world			[91][137][138]
Qiqi News Network	lifeknowledge.com			[91]
Qiqi News Network	skh.world			[91]
Qiqi News Network	ipipi.co			[91]
Jintian Toutiao (今天頭條)				[137][138]
beeper.live	beeper.live			[91][137][138]
Qiqu News (奇趣網)				[137][138]
Global Chinese Weather Union (全球華人風雲聯盟)	globalcafyun.orgs.one			[137][138]
Global Chinese Taiwan Union (全球華人台灣聯盟)	globalct.orgs.one			[137][138]
Huiqi Worldview (慧琪世界觀)				[137][138]
Qiqi Military (琦琦看軍事)				[137][138]
Qiqi Life (琪琪看生活)				[137][138]
Qiqi News (琦琦看新聞)				[137][138]
Ghost Island Mad News (鬼島狂新聞)	taiwan-madnews.com			[138][139]
Ghost Island Mad News (鬼島狂新聞)	ghostislandmadnews.com			[138][139]

Unknown

Operation Red Card

Operation Red Card, dubbed by Graphika, is part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. It was attributed by Facebook to aRep Global, a digital marketing firm in India. The campaign was asserted by Graphika to be "a case of online influence for hire, conducted at the behest of a geopolitical actor with concerns in the [Persian Gulf]."[140]

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Ask The Truth	AskTruth24.com			[140]
Manchester Weekly	manchesterweeklyuk.wordpress.com			[140]
Mirror Herald	mirrorherald.com			[140]
Raven Tribune	raventribune.com			[140][141]
True News Source	truenewssource.com			[140]

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