List of monarchs by nickname

This is a list of monarchs (and other royalty and nobility) sorted by nickname.

This list is divided into two parts:

• Cognomens: Also called cognomina. These are names which are appended before or after the person's name, like the epitheton necessarium, or Roman victory titles. Examples are "William the Conqueror" for William I of England, and "Frederick Barbarossa" for Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Sobriquets: Names which have become identified with a particular person, and are recognizable when used instead of the personal name. Some are used only in a particular context: for example, "Grandmother of Europe" for Queen Victoria is generally only used when referring to her family links throughout the royal families of Europe. On the other hand, in some cases the nickname supersedes the personal name, and the individual is referred to by this nickname even in scholarly works: for example, Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus is universally known by his nickname, Caligula.

Notes:

• Nicknames are listed in each section alphabetically, ignoring articles and prepositions.
• Non-English words are rendered in italics, and translated where possible.
• When the name and nickname are rendered in a non-English language, the nickname will be in boldface italics.

Cognomen

A swung dash, or tilde (~), is used to indicate where the personal name occurs in the nickname; thus "~ the Accursed", followed by entries about Sviatopolk, Alexander and Tekle Haymanot, means "Sviatopolk the Accursed", "Alexander the Accursed" and "Tekle Haymanot the Accursed".

A

• "~ the Abandoned": John I of Aragon (Catalan: Joan el Descurat; also known as John the Hunter or John the Lover of Elegance)[1]
• "~ the Absolutist/the Absolute-King: Miguel I of Portugal (Portuguese: Miguel o Absolutista/o Rei-Absoluto)[2]
• "~ the Accursed":
  • Sviatopolk I of Kiev (Russian: Святопо́лк Окая́нный)[3]
  • Iskander the Accursed (Middle Persian: Gizistag Aleksandar; more commonly known as Alexander the Great)[4]
  • Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia (Amharic: እርጉም ተክለ ሃይማኖት irgum tekle hāymānōt)[5]
• "~ the Adopted": Childebert of Austrasia (Latin: Childebertus Adoptivus)[6]
• "~ (the) Ætheling":[a] Edgar Ætheling of England (Old English: Eadgar Æþeling)[7]
• "~ the Affable": Charles VIII of France (French: Charles l'Affable)[8]
• "~ the African":
  • Scipio the African (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus).[9]
  • Afonso V of Portugal (Afonso o Africano)[10]^[better source needed]
  • Alfonso XIII of Spain (Alfonso el Africano)
• "~ the Aggressor": Indulf of Alba (Scottish Gaelic: Ildulb An Ionsaighthigh)[11]
• "~ the Alchemist": John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (German: Johann der Alchimist)[12]
• "~ Albanian-slayer": Thomas of Epirus (Greek: Θωμάς Ἀλβανιτόκτονος, Thomás Albanitóktonos)[13]
• "~ All-fair": Eadwig of England[14]
• "~ the Apostate": Julian, Roman Emperor (Latin: Flavius Claudius Julianus Apostata)[15]
• "~ the Arab": Philip I, Roman Emperor (Latin: Marcus Julius Philippus Arabs)[16]
• "~ the Artist-King": Ferdinand II of Portugal (Portuguese: Fernando o Rei-Artista)[17]
• "~ the Asleep": Sebastian of Portugal (Portuguese: Sebastião o Adormecido)^[citation needed]
• "~ the Astrologer": Alfonso X of Castile (Spanish: Alfonso el Astrólogo; more commonly known as Afonso the Wise)[18]
• "~ the Avenger": Alfonso XI of Castile (Spanish: Alfonso el Justiciero; also known as Afonso the Just)[19]

B

• "~ the Bad":
  • Alexander III of Wallachia (Romanian: Alexandru cel Rău)[20]
  • Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria (German: Arnulf der Böse)[21]
  • Charles II of Navarre (French: Charles le Mauvais)[22]
  • Emund of Sweden (Swedish: Emund Slemme; more commonly known as Emund the Old)[23]
  • Mihnea of Wallachia (Romanian: Mihnea cel Rău)[24]
  • Ordoño IV of León (Spanish: Ordoño el Malo)[25]
  • Sigurd Magnusson, pretender of Norway (Old Norse: Sigurd Slembe or Sigurd Slembedjakn)
  • William I of Sicily (Italian: Guglielmo il Malo)[26]
• "~ the Bald":
  • Charles II of France (French: Charles le Chauve)[27]
  • Baldwin II, Count of Flanders (Dutch: Boudewijn II de Kale; Latin: Balduinus Calvus)[28]
  • Idwal ab Anarawd of Gwynedd (Welsh: Idwal Foel)[29]
  • Radu II of Wallachia (Church Slavonic: Radu Praznaglava)^[citation needed]
• "~ Barbarossa":[b] Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (German: Friederich Barbarossa)[30]
• "~ Barefoot" or "~ Bareleg": Magnus III of Norway (Old Norse: Magnus Barfot)[31]
• "~ Barn-Lock": Magnus III of Sweden (Swedish: Magnus Ladulås)[32]
• "~ the Bastard":
  • Ebalus, Duke of Aquitaine (French: Ebles Manzer, Hebrew: Ebles Mamzer)[33]
  • Henry II of Castile (Spanish: Enrique el Bastardo; more commonly known as Henry of Trastámara)[34]
  • John I of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Bastardo; more commonly known John of Avis, John the Great, or John of Fond Memory)[35]
  • William I of England (French: Guillaume le Bâtard; Old English: Wyllelm or Willelm bastard; more commonly known as William the Conqueror)[36]
• "~ the Battler": Alfonso I of Aragon (Spanish: Alfonso, el Batallador; also known as Alfonso the Warrior)[37]
• "~ the Bavarian": Louis IV of Germany (German: Ludwig der Bayer)[38]
• "~ the Bear": Albert the Bear (German: Albrecht der Bär)[39]
• "~ the Bearded":
  • Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders (French: Baldouin le Barbu)[40]
  • Berthold II, Duke of Carinthia (German: Berthold der Bärtige)[41][42]
  • Constans II, Byzantine Emperor (Greek: Κώνστας ὁ Πωγωνᾶτος)[43]
  • Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (German: Eberhard im Bart)[44][45]
  • Egino IV, Count of Urach (German: Egino der Bärtige)[46]
  • Geoffrey III of Anjou (French: Geoffroy le Barbu)[47]
  • Henry I, Duke of Silesia (Polish: Henryk Brodaty)[48]
• "~ Beauclerk" or "~ Beauclerc" (French, "Good Clerk"): Henry I of England (French: Henri Beauclerc)[49]
• "~ the Beer Jug": John George I, Elector of Saxony (German: Johann Georg der Bierkrug)[50]
• "~ the Beloved": Louis XV of France (French: Louis le Bien-Aimé)[51]
• "~ the Bewitched": Charles II of Spain (Spanish: Carlos el Hechizado)[52]
• "~ the Bibliophile": Manuel II of Portugal (Portuguese: Manuel o Bibliófilo; more commonly known as Manuel the Patriot or Manuel the Unfortunate)^[citation needed]
• "~ the Big Nest": Vsevolod III Yuriyevich of Vladimir (Russian: Все́волод III Ю́рьевич Большо́е Гнездо́, Vsévolod III Yúr'yevich 'Bol'shóe Gnezdó)[53]
• "~ the Black Prince": Edward the Black Prince (French: Édouard le Prince Noir)[54]
• "~ the Black":
  • Leszek II the Black (Polish: Leszek Czarny)[55]
  • Fulk III of Anjou (French: Foulque Nerra)[56]
  • Halfdan III of Vestfold (Norwegian: Halfdan den svarte)[57]
  • Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (German: Heinrich der Schwarze; also called the pious)[58]
  • Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria (German: Heinrich der Schwarze)[59]
  • Margaret II, Countess of Flanders (French: Marguerite la Noire)[60]
• "~ the Blessed": Alexander I of Russia (Russian: Александр Благословенный)[61]
• "~ the Blind":
  • Boleslaus III of Bohemia (Czech: Boleslav Slepý; also known as Boleslaus the Red)[62]
  • Béla II of Hungary (Hungarian: II. Vak Béla)[63]
  • Magnus IV of Norway (Old Norse: Magnus Blinde)[64]
  • Stefan Branković (Serbian: Стефан Слепи)[65]
  • Vasily II Vasiliyevich (Russian: Василий II Темный)[66]
  • Bogdan III of Moldavia (Romanian: Bogdan cel Orb)[67]
  • John of Bohemia (Luxembourgish: Jang de Blannen; German: Johann der Blinde; Czech: Jan Slepý)[68]
• "~ the Blind Earl": Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon[69]
• "~ the Blond": Selim II of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Sarı Sultân Selim)[70]
• "~ Bloodaxe": Eric I of Norway (Old Norse: Eiríkr Blóðöx)[71]
• "~ the Bloodthirsty": Ismail of Morocco (Arabic: إسماعيل المتعطش للدماء)[72]
• "Bloody ~": Mary I of England[73]
• "~ the Bloody": Nicholas II of Russia (Russian: Николай II Кровавый)[74]
• "~ Bluetooth": Harold I of Denmark (Old Norse: Haraldr blátönn)[75]
• "~ the Bold":
  • Boleslaw II of Poland (Polish: Bolesław Śmiały)[76]
  • Charles of Burgundy (French: Charles le Téméraire)[77]
  • Philip II of France (French: Philippe le Hardi)[78]
  • Philip III of France (French: Philippe le Hardi)[79]
• "~ the Boneless": Ivar Ragnarsson (Old Norse: Ívarr hinn Beinlausi)[80]
• "~ the Bookish" or "~ the Book-Lover": Coloman of Hungary (Hungarian: Könyves Kálmán; more commonly known as Coloman the Learned)[81][82][83]
• "~ the Boulonnais": Afonso III of Portugal (Portuguese: Afonso o Bolonhês)[84]
• "~ the Brash": Olof of Denmark^[citation needed]
• "~ the Brave":
  • Afonso IV of Portugal (Portuguese: Afonso o Bravo)[85]
  • Boleslaw I of Poland (Polish: Bolesław Chrobry; also known as Boleslaw the Great)[86]
  • Dan II of Wallachia (Romanian: Dan al II-lea cel Viteaz)[87]
  • John III of Moldavia (Romanian: Ioan Vodă cel Viteaz; more commonly known as John the Terrible)[88]
  • Michael of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul)[89]
• "~ the Brilliant": George V of Georgia (Georgian: გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე, romanized: giorgi V brts'q'invale)[90]
• "~ the Broad-shouldered": Haakon II of Norway (Old Norse: Hákon Herdebrei)[91]
• "~ Broom-plant": Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (French: Geoffroy Plantagenet; also known as Geoffrey the Fair)[92]
• "~ the Brown": Donnchadh mac Flainn, High King of Ireland (Irish: Donnchad Donn)[93]
• "~ the Bruce": Robert I of Scotland (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis)[94]
• "~ Builder":
  • David IV of Georgia (Georgian: დავით აღმაშენებელი, romanized: davit aghmashenebeli)[95]
  • Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Edificador)^[citation needed]
• "~ the Builder King": Leopold II of Belgium (French: Léopold le roi bâtisseur, Dutch: Leopold de Koning-Bouwheer)[96]
• "~ Bulgar-Slayer": Basil II, Byzantine Emperor (Greek: Βασίλειος Βουλγαροκτόνος, Basíleios Boulgaroktónos)[97]

C

• "~ Capet":[c] Hugh Capet (French: Hugues Capet)[98]
• "~ the Cabbage": Ivaylo of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Ивайло Лахана, Greek: Ιβάιλο o Λαχανάς)[99]
• "~ the Capacidónio":[d] Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Capacidónio; also known as Peter the Builder)^[citation needed]
• "~ the Cardinal-King": Henry, King of Portugal (Portuguese: Henrique o Cardeal-Rei)[100]
• "~ the Capuched": Sancho II of Portugal (Portuguese: Sancho o Capelo; also known as Sancho the Hooded or Sancho the Pious)[101]
• "~ the Catholic":
  • Alfonso I of Asturias (Spanish: Alonso el Católico)[102]
  • Andrew I of Hungary (Hungarian: András Katolikus; more commonly known as Andrew the White)[103]
  • Ferdinand II of Aragon (Spanish: Fernando el Católico, Catalan: Ferran el Catòlic)[104]
  • Isabella I of Castile (Spanish: Isabel la Católica)[105]
  • Peter II of Aragon (Spanish: Pedro II el Católico, Catalan: Pere el Catòlic)[106]
  • Frederick I, Duke of Austria (German: Friedrich der Katholische)[107]
• "~ the Caulker": Michael V, Byzantine Emperor (Greek: Μιχαήλ Καλαφάτης, Michaíl Kalaphátis)[108]
• "~ the Ceremonious": Peter IV of Aragon (Spanish: Pedro el Ceremonioso, Catalan: Pere el Cerimoniós)[109]
• "~ the Chaste":
  • Alfonso II of Aragon (Catalan: Alfons el Cast; Spanish: Alfonso el Casto; French: Alphonse le Chaste; also known as Alfonso the Troubador)[110]
  • Alfonso II of Asturias (Spanish: Alfonso el Casto)[111]
  • Bolesław V the Chaste (Polish: Bolesław Wstydliwy)[112]
  • Henry, King of Portugal (Portuguese: Henrique o Casto)
• "~ the Chief": Kenneth III of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Coinneach An Donn)
• "~ the Child"
  • Charles, King of Aquitaine (French: Charles l'Enfant)
  • Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (German: Heinrich das Kind)
  • Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse (German: Heinrich das Kind)
  • Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (German: Otto das Kind)
  • Louis III of East Francia (German: Ludwig das Kind)
  • Louis of Sicily (Italian: Ludovico il Fanciullo)
  • Nicholas I, Lord of Rostock (German: Nikolaus das Kind)
• "~ the Clement": John VI of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Clemente)
• "~ the Clubfoot": Sverker I of Sweden (Swedish: Sverker Klumpfot)
• "~ Coal-Burner": Anund Jacob of Sweden (Old Norse: Emund Kolbränna)[113]
• "~ the Confessor": Edward the Confessor (of England), also known as Saint Edward
• "~ the Colonizer": John III of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Colonizador)
• "~ the Conqueror":
  • Afonso I of Portugal (Portuguese: Afonso o Conquistador)
  • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Spanish: Carlos el Conquistador; German: Karl der Eroberer)
  • James I of Aragon (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor)
  • John V, Duke of Brittany (French: Jean le Conquérant)
  • Mehmed II of The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmed)
  • Nicholas I of Russia
  • William I of England (Old English: Wilhelm se Gehīersumiend; French: Guillaume le Conquérant)
  • Valdemar II of Denmark (Old Norse: Valdemar Sejr)
• "~ the Constable Prince": John, Constable of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Infante Condestável)
• "~ the Constant": John, Elector of Saxony (German: Johann der Beständige)
• "~ Corvinus" (from Latin "like a raven"): Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (Hungarian: Corvinus Mátyás; Romanian: Matei Corvin)
• "~ the Courteous": William, Duke of Austria (German: Wilhelm der Freundliche)[114]
• "~ the Crosseyed": Vasili Kosoi, Muscovian usurper (Russian: Василий Косой, Vasiliy Kosoy)
• "~ Crouchback":
  • Inge I of Norway (Old Norse: Inge Krokrygg)
  • Richard III of England (also known as Crookback)
• "~ the Cruel":
  • Boleslaus I of Bohemia (Czech: Boleslav I. Ukrutný)
  • Boleslaus II of Poland (Polish: Bolesław Okrutny)
  • Louis XI of France
  • Peter I of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Cruel)
  • Peter of Castile (Spanish: Pedro el Cruel)
• "~ the Crusader":
  • Sigurd I of Norway (Old Norse: Sigurðr Jórsalafarinn; Norwegian: Sigurd Jorsalfare)
  • Robert II, Count of Flanders (French: Robert le Croisé)
  • Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn (French: Gaston le Croisé)
  • Simon V, Lord of Montfort (French: Simon le Croisé)
• "~ the Curly" Bolesław IV the Curly (Polish: Bolesław Kędzierzawy)
• "~ Curthose" (Middle English, "short stockings"): Robert II, Duke of Normandy (French: Robert Courtehouse)
• "~ Curtmantle" (Middle English, "short cloak"): Henry II of England

D

• "~ the Damned"[115] or "~ the Accursed": Sviatopolk I of Kiev (Russian: Святополк Окаянный, Svyatopolk Okayannyy; Ukrainian: Святополк Окаянний, Svyatopolk Okayannyy̆)
• "~ the Deacon": Bermudo I of Asturias (Asturian: Bermudo el Diáconu; Spanish: Bermudo el Diácono)
• "~ the Debonaire": Louis I of France (French: Louis le Débonnaire)
• "~ the Deed-Doer": Edmund I of England
• "~ the Desired":
  • Ferdinand VII of Spain
  • Louis XVIII of France
  • Sebastian of Portugal (Portuguese: Sebastião o Desejado)
• "~ the Determined": Anthony I of Portugal (Portuguese: António o Determinado)
• "~ the Devil":
  • Robert I, Duke of Normandy (French: Robert le Diable)
  • Vlad II of Wallachia (Romanian: Vlad Dracul)
  • Hugh VI, Lord of Lusignan (French: Hughes le Diable)
  • Robert II, Lord of Bellême (French: Robert le Diable)
• "~ the Diplomat": Charles I of Portugal (Portuguese: Carlos o Diplomata)
• "~ Do-Nothing", "~ the Indolent" or "~ the Sluggard": Louis V of France (French: Louis le Fainéant)
• "~ Dracul" (Romanian, "The Devil" or "The Dragon"): Vlad II of Wallachia (Romanian: Vlad Dracul)
• "~ Dracula" (Romanian, "Son of the Devil" or "Son of the Dragon"): Vlad III of Wallachia
• "~ the Drunkard":
  • Michael III, Byzantine Emperor (Greek: Μιχαήλ Γ' ο Μέθυσος, Michaíl G' o Méthysos)
  • Selim II, Ottoman Emperor (Turkish: Selim Sarhoş)
  • Wenceslaus, King of the Romans (German: Wenzel der Säufer; Czech: Václav Opilec)
• "~ the Dung-Named": Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Ε' Κοπρόνυμος, Konstantínos E' Koprónymos)

E

• "Earth-Shaker ~": Inca Yupanqui (Quechua: Pachakutiq Inka Yupanki)
• "~ the Ecclesiastic" or "~ the Priest": Martin I of Aragon (Catalan: Martí l'Eclesiàstic; Spanish: "Martín el Eclesiástico" o "el Cura")
• "~ the Edifier": Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Edificador)
• "~ the Educator": Maria II of Portugal (Portuguese: Maria a Educadora)
• "~ the Elbow-High" or "The Ell-High": Władysław I of Poland (Polish: Władysław I Łokietek)
• "~ the Elder":
  • Eadweard I of England (Old English: Ēadweard se Ieldra?)
  • Martin I of Aragon
  • Tarquin I (Latin: Tarquinius Senior)
  • Mircea I of Wallachia (Romanian: Mircea cel Bătrân)
  • Boso III of Turin
• "~ the Eloquent": Edward of Portugal (Portuguese: Duarte o Eloquente)
• "~ the Emperor-King": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
• "~ the Emperor-Sacristan": Joseph II of Austria
• "~ the Enabler": Peter III of Portugal
• "~ the Enemy-Son": Peter I of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Filho-Inimigo)
• "~ the Enlightened": Charles III of Spain (Spanish: Carlos el Ilustrado)
• "~ Epiphanes" (Greek "the manifest"): several Hellenistic kings, including
  • Ptolemy V Epiphanes
• "~ Euergetes" (Greek "the benefactor"): several Hellenistic kings, including
  • Ptolemy III Euergetes
  • Ptolemy VIII Physcon
• "~ Eupator" (Greek "of noble father"):
  • Antiochus V (Greek: Αντίοχος Ευπάτωρ)
  • Mithridates VI of Pontus (Greek: Μιθριδάτης Ευπάτωρ)
  • Ptolemy Eupator
• "~ the Executioner": Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Mehmed I Kirişçi)
• "~ the Exile":
  • Władysław II the Exile (Polish: Władysław Wygnaniec')
  • Edward the Exile

F

• "~ the Fair":
  • Charles IV of France (French: Charles le Bel)
  • Donald III of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Domnall Bán)
  • Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (French: Geoffroy le Bel)
  • Ivan II of Moscow (Russian: Иван Красный)
  • Leopold II, Margrave of Austria (German: Luitpold der Heilige)
  • Louis I of France (French: Louis le Débonnaire)
  • Philip IV of France (French: Philippe le Bel)
  • Philip I of Castile (Philip the Fair, Spanish: Felipe el Hermoso, French: Philippe le Beau)
• "~ Fairhair": Harald I of Norway (Old Norse: Haraldr inn hárfagri)
• "~ the Fair Sun": Vladimir I of Kiev (Ukrainian: Володимир Красне Сонечко)
• "Farmer ~": George III Great Britain
• "~ the Farmer": Denis of Portugal (Portuguese: Dinis o Lavrador)
• "~ The Swift(?): Eystein Halfdansson of Romerike and Vestfold (Old Norse: Eysteinn Fret)
• "~ the Fat":
  • Afonso II of Portugal (Portuguese: Afonso o Gordo)
  • Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor (French: Charles le Gros)
  • Conan III, Duke of Brittany (French: Conan III le Gros)
  • Henry I of Cyprus (French: Henri le Gros)
  • Henry I of Navarre (French: Henri le Gros; Spanish: Enrique el Gordo)
  • Louis VI of France (French: Louis le Gros)
  • Ptolemy VIII of Ptolemaic Egypt
  • Sancho I of León
• "~ the Fearless": John the Fearless (French: Jean sans Peur)
• "~ the Frank": Alfonso III of Aragon (Catalan: Alfons el Franc; Spanish: Alfonso el Franco; also known as Alfonso the Liberal or Alfonso the Free)[116]
• "~ the Fighter": Anthony I of Portugal (Portuguese: António o Lutador)
• "~ First-Crowned": Stefan of Raška (Serbian: Стефан Првовенчани)
• "~ Fitzempress": Henry II of England
• "~ Flatnose": Ketil of Man (Old Norse: Ketil Flatnef)
• "~ Forkbeard": Sweyn I of Denmark (Old Norse: Svend Tjugeskæg or Svend Tyvskæg; Old English: Sweyn Forcbeard)
• "~ the Fortunate":
  • Manuel I of Portugal (Portuguese: Manuel O Venturoso)
  • Dietrich of Oldenburg (Latin: Teudericus Fortunatus)
  • Philip VI of France (French: Philippe le Fortuné)
• "~ the Founder": Afonso I of Portugal (Portuguese: Afonso o Fundador)
• "~ the Fowler": Henry I of Germany (German: Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler)
• "~ the Fratricide":
  • Berengar Raymond II, Count of Barcelona (Catalan: Berenguer Ramon el Fratricida)
  • Francis I of Brittany
  • Henry II of Castile (Spanish: Enrique el Fratricida)
• "~ From Overseas": Louis IV of France (French: Louis d'Outremer)

G

• "~ the Generous" or "~ the Liberal":
  • Alfonso III of Aragon (Catalan: Alfons el Liberal; Spanish: Alfonso el Liberal)
  • Boleslaus II of Poland (Polish: Bolesław Szczodry)
  • Leopold, Duke of Bavaria (German: Luitpold der Freigiebige)
• "~ the Gentle":
  • Rupert of Germany
  • Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (German: Friedrich der Sanftmütige)
  • Harald III of Denmark (Old Norse: Harald Hen); see also "~ Hen" below
• "~ the German": Louis I of the East Franks (French: Louis le Germanique)
• "~ the Glorious":
  • Athelstan of England (Old English: Æþelstan, ætniman)
  • Elizabeth I of England (Gloriana)
  • Leopold VI, Duke of Austria (German: Luitpold der Glorreiche)
• ""~the God-Given": Louis XIV (French: Louis le Dieu-Donné)
• "~ the God-Like One": Murad I, Ottoman Emperor (Turkish: Murat Hüdavendigar)
• "~ the God-Loving": Andrey I Bogolubsky (Russian: Андрей Боголюбский)
• "~ the Good":
  • Alfonso IV of Aragon (Catalan: Alfons el Benigne; Aragonese: Alifonso o Beninno; Spanish: Alfonso el Benigno)
  • Alexandru of Moldavia (Romanian: Alexandru cel Bun)
  • Fulk II of Anjou (French: Foulques le Bon?)
  • Hywel ap Cadell of Wales (Welsh: Hywel Dda)
  • Haakon I of Norway (Old Norse: Hákon góði)
  • John I of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Bom)
  • John II of France (French: Jean le Bon)
  • Louis I of Holland (Dutch: Lodewijk de Goede)
  • Magnus I of Norway (Old Norse: Magnus den Gode)
  • Philip III of Burgundy (French: Philippe le Bon)
  • William II of Sicily (Italian: Guglielmo il Buono)
• "Good King ~":
  • Edward III of England (Good King Edward)
  • Henry IV of France (Bon Roi Henri)
  • René of Two Sicilies (then deposed, remained duke of Anjou and count of Provence) (French: le bon roi René)
  • Wenceslas I of Bohemia (Good King Wenceslas)
• "Good Queen ~": Elizabeth I of England (Good Queen Bess)
• "~ of Good Memory" or "~ the One with Good Memory": John I of Portugal (Portuguese: João o de Boa Memória)
• "~ the Good Mother": Maria II of Portugal (Portuguese: Maria a Boa Mãe)
• "~ the Gouty":
  • Piero I de Medici of Florence (Italian: Piero il Gottoso)
  • Bermudo II of León (Spanish: Bermudo el Gotoso)
• "~ the Great": see List of people known as The Great
• "the Great Elector": Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (German: Großer Kurfürst)
• "~ Greyfell" or "~ Greyhide": Harald II of Norway (Old Norse: Haraldr gráfeldr)
• "~ Greymantle": Geoffrey I of Anjou (French: Geoffroy Grisegonelle)
• "~ the Grim" or "~ the Brave" or "~ the Inexorable": Selim I of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Yavuz Sultan Selim)
• "~ the Grocer-King" or "~ the Spices-King": Manuel I of Portugal (Portuguese: Manuel O Rei-Merceeiro, Portuguese: Manuel O Rei das Especiarias and French: Emmanuel Le Roi-Épicier), a nickname given to him by Francis I of France with a double entendre, as the French word épicier refers to a grocer, and is derived from épice, "spice")
• "~ Gylle": (Old Norse, "Servant"): Harald IV of Norway

H

• "~ the Hairy": Wilfred I of Urgel
• "~ the Hammer":
  • Charles Martel of the Franks
  • Geoffrey II of Anjou
  • Geoffrey IV of Anjou
• "~ The Hammer of the Scots": Edward I of England (see also Longshanks below).
• "~ the Handsome":
  • Ferdinand I of Portugal (Portuguese: Fernando o Formoso)
  • Frederick I of Austria
  • John II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor (Greek: Καλο ϊωάννης)
  • Philip IV of France (French: Philippe le Bel)
  • Philip I of Spain (Spanish: Felipe el Hermoso)
  • Radu of Wallachia (Romanian: cel Frumos)
• "~ the Hardy": Canute III of Denmark (Old Norse: Hardeknud; Old English: Harthacnut)
• "~ Hardrada" (from Old Norse "Harðráði", "Stern Counsel"): Harald III of Norway
• "~ Harefoot": Harold I of England
• "~ the Hero of Two Worlds" (Portuguese: D. Pedro, o Herói de Dois Mundos): Peter I of Brazil & IV of Portugal
• "~ the Hidden": Sebastian of Portugal (Portuguese: Sebastião o Encoberto)
• "~ the Holy":
  • Canute IV of Denmark
  • Eric IX of Sweden
  • Olaf II of Norway
• "~ the Holy Prince": Ferdinand of Portugal (Portuguese: Fernando o Infante Santo)
• "~ the Hopeful": Peter V of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Esperançoso)
• "~ the Hunchback": Pippin the Hunchback
• "~ the Humane" or "~ the Humanist": Martin I of Aragon
• "~ Hunger": Olaf I of Denmark
• "~ the Hunter":
  • Gudrød
  • John I of Aragon (Spanish: Juan el Cazador; Catalan: Joan el Caçador)
  • Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: Avcı Mehmed)
• "~ the Hunter-King":
  • Charles I of Portugal (Portuguese: Carlos I, o Rei-Caçador)

I

• "~ the Idle": Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia (German: Wenzel der Faule)
• "~ the Ill-Tempered": Fulk IV of Anjou
• "~ the Illustrious":
  • Otto II, Duke of Bavaria (German: Otto der Erlauchte)
  • Otto I, Duke of Saxony (German: Otto der Erlauchte)
  • Henry III, Margrave of Meissen (German: Heinrich der Erlauchte)
  • Leopold I, Margrave of Austria (German: Luitpold der Erlauchte)
• "~ the Impaler": Vlad III of Wallachia
• "~ the Impotent" Henry IV of Castile (Spanish: Enrique el Impotente)
• "~ the Inconstant" or "~ the Fickle": Ferdinand I of Portugal (Portuguese: Fernando o Inconstante)
• "~ the Indolent": Louis V of France
• "~ the Independentist": Anthony I of Portugal (Portuguese: António o Independentista)
• "~ the Invincible": Demetrius I of Bactria
• "~ the Iron":
  • Ernest of Austria (German: Ernest der Eiserne)
  • Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (German: Ludwig der Eiserne)
  • Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse (German: Heinrich der Eiserne)
  • Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (German: Heinrich der Eiserne)
  • Henry III, Duke of Żagań (German: Heinrich der Eiserne; Polish: Henryk Żelazny)
  • Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (German: Friedrich der Eiserne)
• "~ Ironside":
  • Edmund II of England
  • Björn Ironside

J

• "~ the Just":
  • Casimir II, Duke of Poland (Polish: Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy)[117]
  • Ferdinand VI of Spain (Spanish: Fernando el Justo)
  • James II of Aragon (Spanish: Jaime el Justo)
  • Leopold III, Duke of Austria (German: Leopold der Gerechte)[118]
  • Louis XIII of France
  • Matthias I of Hungary
  • Peter I of Portugal (Spanish: Pedro o Justo)
  • Bayezid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

K

• "~ the Kind":
  • Alexandru of Moldavia
  • Alfonso IV of Aragon
• "~ the Kind-Hearted": Eric I of Denmark
• "~ the Khazar" (Gr. Chozar): Leo IV of the Byzantine Empire

L

• "~ Lackland":
  • John, King of England (French: Jean sans Terre)
  • John, Count of Eu (French: Jean sans Terre)
  • Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (German: Heinrich ohne Land )
• "~ the Lamb": Eric III of Denmark
• "~ the Lame":
  • Timur (Persian: Timur i-Lang)
  • Sigobert King of the Ripuarian Franks
  • See also under "the Lisp and Lame" below
• "~ the Last":
  • Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Wales (Welsh: Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf)
  • Louis XVI of France (French: Louis le Dernier)
• "~ Law-Mender": Magnus VI of Norway
• "~ the Lawgiver":
  • Eric IX of Sweden
  • Henry II of England
  • Magnus VI of Norway
  • Süleyman I of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: انونى سلطان سليمان, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman)
• "~ the Learned": Alfonso X of Castile
• "~ the Leprous": Afonso II of Portugal (Portuguese: Afonso o Gafo)
• "~ the Liberal":
  • Alfonso III of Aragon
  • Edward of Savoy
  • Henry I of Champagne
• "~ the Liberator":
  • Alexander II of Russia
  • Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Libertador)
• "~ the Lion":
  • Albert II of Mecklenburg
  • Brian Boruma of Ireland
  • Heinrich II, Lord of Mecklenburg
  • Henry III, Duke of Saxony
  • Louis VIII of France (French: Louis le Lion)
  • William I of Scotland (Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric)
  • Richard I of England (French: Richard le Lion)
• "~ the Lionheart": Richard I of England (French: Richard Cœur de Lion)
• "~ the Lisp and Lame" Eric XI of Sweden (Swedish: Erik läspe och halte)
• "~ the Little Impaler": Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr of Wallachia (Romanian: Basarab Ţepeluş)
• "~ (the) Longhaired (king)": Chlodio
• "~ Longshanks": Edward I of England
• "~ the Lover of Elegance": John I of Aragon (Catalan: Joan l'Amador de la Gentilesa; Spanish: Juan el Amador de la gentileza)

M

• "~ the Mad":
  • Charles VI of France (French: Charles le fol)
  • Joanna of Castile (Spanish: Juana la Loca)
  • Ludwig II of Bavaria
  • Maria I of Portugal (Portuguese: Maria a Louca)
• "~ the Madman": Donald II of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Dòmhnall Dásachtach)
• "~ the Magnanimous":
  • Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (Portuguese: Pedro o Magnânimo)
  • King Alfonso V of Aragon (Catalan: Alfons el Magnànim)
  • John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (German: Johann Friedrich der Großmütige)
  • Otto Henry, Elector Palatine (German: Ottheinrich der Großmütige)
  • King John V of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Magnânimo)
  • Landgrave Philipp I of Hesse
  • King Ladislaus of Naples
  • Inca Roca (Quechua: Inka Roq'a)
  • Charles II of Alençon (French: Charles le Magnanime)
• "~ the Magnificent":
  • Amenhotep III, Pharaoh of Egypt
  • Edmund I of England (Old English: Eadmund Glenglic)
  • Lorenzo de' Medici (Italian: Lorenzo il Magnifico)
  • Robert I of Normandy (French: Robert le Magnifique)
  • Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire
  • Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley
• "~ the Maiden":
  • Eystein of Norway
  • Malcolm IV of Scotland
• "~ Martel" (Old French, "The Hammer"):
  • Charles Martel of the Franks
  • Geoffrey II of Anjou
  • Geoffrey IV of Anjou
• "~ the Man": John II of Portugal (Spanish: Juan el Hombre, a nickname given to him by Isabella of Castile)
• "~ the Martyr":
  • Edward the Martyr of England
  • King Charles I of England
  • Charles I of Portugal (Portuguese: o Martirizado)
  • Nicholas II of Russia
• "~ the Master of Avis": John I of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Mestre de Avis, a reference to his position as Master of the Order of Avis before his election as King)
• "~ the Memorable": Eric II of Denmark
• "~ the Merry": Charles II of England
• "~ the Mild": Halfdan of Romerike and Vestfold
• "~ the Middle": Pippin of Herstal
• "~ the Mighty": Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia
• "~ Minus-a-Quarter": Michael VII Dukas, Byzantine Emperor
• "~ Moneybags": Ivan I of Russia
• "~ the Monk":
  • Alfonso IV of Leon
  • Fortun I of Pamplona
  • Ramiro II of Aragon
  • Vlad IV of Wallachia
• "~ Monk's-Cloak"?: Jon Kuvlung of Norway
• "~ Monomakh" (Russian "Мономах", from Greek "Μονομαχος", "One who fights alone"): Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev
• "~ Monomakhos" (from Greek "Μονομαχος", "One who fights alone"): Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor
• "~ the Moor": Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan
• "the Most Beautiful ~": Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile (Portuguese: Fermosíssima Maria)
• "Mother ~": Menelik II of Ethiopia (Amharic: እምዬ ምኒልክ imiyē Minīlik
• "~ the Missed-King": Manuel II of Portugal (Portuguese: Manuel o Rei-Saudade)
• "~ the Mouth": Sigurd II of Norway (Old Norse: Sigurðr munnr)
• "~ the Musician-King:
  • John IV of Portugal (Portuguese: João IV, o Rei-Músico)
  • Louis I of Portugal (Portuguese: Luís I, o Rei-Músico)

N

• "~ the Navigator": Henry of Portugal
• "~ New-Day": Valdemar IV of Denmark
• "~ of the Nine Hostages" (Irish: Noigíallach): Niall Noigíallach
• "~ the Noble":
  • Charles III of Navarre
  • Magnus I of Norway
• "~ No-Counsel" or "~ the Unready": Ethelred II of England (Old English: Æþelræd Unræd; Middle English: Ethelred the Redeless)
• "~ the Nun's-Lover" (Portuguese: D. João, o Freirático): John V of Portugal

O

• "The Oath-Taker": Henry III of Reuss (1337–1378)
• "The Oberhofrichter": Henry of Reuss-Plauen (1271–1303)
• "The Oceanographer":
  • Albert I, Prince of Monaco
  • Charles I of Portugal (Portuguese: Carlos o oceanógrafo)
• "~ The Old" (Cat. el Vell, Fr. l'Ancien, le Vieux, Nor. den Gamle, Pol. Stary, Rum. cel Batran, Sp. el Velloso, Swe. den Gamle, Tgl. Matanda):
  • Ache of Luzon (c. 1480–1572)
  • Albert I of Carpi
  • Albert II of Wedenberg-Heiligenberg (1327–1370)
  • Arnulf I, Count of Flanders (also known as "the great"
  • Basarab Laiota, Prince of Wallachia
  • Boso I, Count of La Marche
  • Coel Hen (Welsh for "Coel the Old"; king of the Brittonic "Hen Ogledd" ("Old North"); possibly legendary)
  • Konrad III of Silesia (Polish: Konrad III Stary)
  • Dyfnwal Hen (Welsh for "Dyfnwal the Old") of Alt Clut
  • Emund II of Sweden
  • Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1495–1540
  • Frederick the Great (Prussia), also named "the Old Fritz" (German: der Alte Fritz)
  • George V, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, 1620–1623
  • Gorm of Denmark
  • Guthrum
  • Haakon IV of Norway
  • Hugh VIII, Lord of Lusignan (French: Hughes le Vieux)
  • Igor of Kiev
  • Michael II of Beloozero (1432–1486)
  • Mieszko III of Poland
  • Pippin of Landen
  • Raymond VI of Toulouse
  • Raymond Berengar I, Count of Barcelona
  • Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg (died 1232); also "the Kind"
  • Sigismund I of Poland
  • Theodore II of Beloozero (13??-1380)
  • William, Count of Nassau, 1538–1559
• "The Old Dessauer": Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau
• "The One-Eyed" (Ger. der Einaugige):
  • John II, Count of Holstein-Kiel
  • William I, Margrave of Meissen
• "~ the One-Eyed":
  • Fortun I of Pamplona
  • Antigonus I Monophthalmus
  • Wenceslaus I of Bohemia
  • Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
• "The Oppressed": Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen (German: Dietrich der Bedrängte)
• "~ the Oppressor": Philip IV of Spain (in Portugal: Portuguese: Filipe o Opressor)
• "The Orphan": Henry I of Reuss (1250–1295)
• "~ the Outlaw": Edgar Ætheling of England
• "~ d'Outremer" (French, "from Overseas"): Louis IV of France

P

• "~ the Pacific": Peter II of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Pacífico)
• "~ the Painter-King":
  • Charles I of Portugal (Portuguese: Carlos, o Rei-Pintor)
  • Louis I of Portugal (Portuguese: Luís, o Rei-Pintor)
• "~ the Pale": Constantius I, Roman Emperor
• "~ the Patriot": Manuel II of Portugal (Portuguese: Manuel o Patriota)
• "~ the Peaceful":
  • Edgar of England
  • Olaf III of Norway
  • Aymon, Count of Savoy
  • Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
• "~ the Peacemaker":
  • Alexander III of Russia
  • Alfonso XII of Spain (Spanish: Alfonso el Pacificador)
• "~ the Perfect Prince": John II of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Príncipe Perfeito)
• "~ the Philosopher" or "~ the Philosopher King": Edward of Portugal (Portuguese: Duarte o Filósofo or o Rei-Filósofo)
• "~ the Pilgrim:
  • Ermengol II, Count of Urgell (Catalan: Ermengol el Pelegrí) (Spanish: Armengol el Peregrino)
  • Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg (German: Heinrich der Pilger)
• "~ the Pious":
  • Boleslav II of Bohemia
  • Edward VI, King of England
  • Henry II, Duke of Silesia (Polish: Henryk Pobożny)
  • John III of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Piedoso)
  • Louis I of France (French: Louis le Pieux)
  • Maria I of Portugal (Portuguese: Maria a Pia)
  • Philip III of Spain (Spanish: Felipe el Piadoso)
  • Robert II of France (French: Robert le Pieux)
  • Sancho II of Portugal (Portuguese: Sancho o Pio)
  • William V, Duke of Bavaria (German: Wilhelm der Fromme)
  • Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg (German: Otto der Fromme)
• "~ Ploughpenny": Eric IV of Denmark
• "~ the Poet" or "~ the Poet King": Denis of Portugal (Portuguese: Dinis o Poeta or Portuguese: Dinis o Rei Poeta)
• "The Poet Prince": Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd
• "~ the Poison King": Mithridates VI of Pontus
• "~ the Popular": Louis I of Portugal (Portuguese: Luís o Popular)
• "~ the Populator": Sancho I of Portugal (Portuguese: Sancho o Povoador)
• "~ the Posthumous":
  • John I of France
  • Ladislaus I of Bohemia
  • Theobald IV of Champagne
• "~ the Powerful": Uroš IV of Serbia
• "~ the Precious": Stephen II of Serbia
• "~ the Priest Hater": Eric II of Norway
• "~ the Prior of Crato": Anthony I of Portugal (Portuguese: António o Prior do Crato, a reference to his position as Master of the Portuguese branch of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Hospitaller) before his acclamation as King)
• "~ the Proud":
  • Simeon of Moscow
  • Tarquin the Proud (Latin: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus)
• "~ the Prudent":
  • Louis XI of France (French: Louis le Prudent)
  • Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente)
• "~ the Purple-Born" (Greek Porphyrogenetes):
  • Baldwin II of Constantinople
  • Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor

Q

• "~ the Quarreller":
  • Frederick of Saxony
  • Louis X of France
• "~ the Queen of Sad Mischance": Isabella II of Spain (Spanish: Isabel II la de los Tristes Destinos)
• "~ the Quiet": Olaf III of Norway
• "~ the Quietest one": Alexis of Russia (Russian: Алексей Тишайший, Alexei Tishayshy)[119]

R

• "~ the Rash": James III of Majorca
• "~ the Red":
  • Håkan of Sweden (Swedish: Håkan Röde)
  • Fulk I of Anjou
  • John I, Duke of Brittany
  • Odo I, Duke of Burgundy (French: Eudes le Roux)
  • Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
  • William II of England (Latin: William Rufus)
  • Rupert I, Elector Palatine (German: Ruprecht der Rote)
  • Ralph I, Count of Clermont (French: Raoul le Roux)
• "~ the Red King": Macbeth of Scotland (Medieval Gaelic: Mac Bethad mac Findlaích Rí Deircc)
• "~ the Redemptress": Isabel of Brazil (Portuguese: Isabel a Redentora)
• "~ the Redless" or "~ the Redeless": Ethelred II of England (Old English: Æthelred Unræd)
• "~ the Reformer": Joseph I of Portugal (Portuguese: José o Reformador)
• "~ the Resistant": Anthony I of Portugal (Portuguese: António o Resistente)
• "~ the Restorer":
  • Casimir I of Poland (Polish: Kazimierz Odnowiciel)
  • García Ramírez of Navarre
  • Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire
  • John IV of Portugal (Portuguese: João o Restaurador)
• "~ the Righteous":
  • Rupert of Germany (German: Ruprecht der Gerechte)
  • Henry IV of Silesia (Polish: Henryk Prawy) (German: Heinrich der Gerechte)
  • Frederick IV, Elector Palatine (German: Friedrich der Aufrichtige)
• "~ the Rightly Guided": Harun al-Rashid (Arabic: هَارُون الرَشِيد)
• "~ the Romanslayer": Kaloyan (Bulgarian: Калоян ромеубиеца)
• "~ Roundhead": Ragnvald of Sweden (Swedish: Ragnvald Knaphövde; the exact meaning of the nickname is unclear)

S

• "~ the Sacrificer": Sweyn of Sweden (Swedish: Blot-Sven; unclear if "Sven" was his actual name or part of the nickname)
• "~ the Sacristan": Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Sacristão)
• "~ the Sailor King": William IV of the United Kingdom
• "~ the Saint":
  • Edward the Confessor, also known as Saint Edward
  • Ferdinand III of Castile (Spanish: Fernando el Santo)
  • Lulach of Scotland
  • Louis IX of France (French: Saint Louis)
  • William X, Duke of Aquitaine
  • Leopold III, Margrave of Austria (German: Luitpold der Heilige)
  • Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia (German: Ludwig der Heilige)
  • Raymond Benergar IV, Count of Barcelona (Catalan: Ramon Berenguer el Sant)
• "~ the Sapient": Mindaugas
• "~ the Saver of Europe": Tervel of Bulgaria
• "~ the Savior":
  • Ptolemy I Soter
  • Ptolemy IX Soter
  • Antiochus I Soter
  • Demetrius I Soter
  • Diodotus I Soter
  • Menander I Soter
• "~ the Seer": Oleg of Novgorod
• "~ of the Seven Parts (of the World)": Peter, Duke of Coimbra (Portuguese: Pedro das Sete Partidas (do Mundo))
• "~ the She-Wolf of France: Isabella of France
• "~ the Be-shitten": James II of England and Ireland, also James VII of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Séamus a' Cháca)
• "~ the Short": Pippin III, King of the Franks
• "~ of Showers": Niall Frossach, High King of Ireland
• "~ the Silent":
  • Olav III of Norway
  • William I of Orange
• "~ the Simple":
  • Charles III of France
  • William, Count of Sully
  • Frederick III of Sicily
  • Peter II, Duke of Brittany
• "~ the Singer": David III of Ethiopia (Amharic: ዳዊት አዝማሪ Dawīt āzimarī)
• "~ Skötkonung" (Old Norse "Tax-King"?): Olof of Sweden
• "~ the Sluggard": Louis V of France
• "~ the Soldier": Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
• "~ the Soldier-King":
  • Frederick William I of Prussia
  • Peter IV of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Rei-Soldado)
  • Albert I of Belgium (French: le Roi-Soldat or le Roi-Chevalier)
• "~ the Sorcerer": Vseslav of Polotsk
• "~ the Sorrowful": Manuel II of Portugal (Portuguese: Manuel o Desventurado)
• "~ the Spider": Louis XI of France (l'Universelle Aragne)
• "~ the Spirited": Philip V of Spain (Spanish: Felipe el Animoso)
• "~ Split-Nose": Justinian II, Byzantine Emperor
• "~ the Stammerer": Louis II of France
• "~ the Stout": Olaf II of Norway
• "The Strict":
  • Louis II, Duke of Bavaria (German: Ludwig der Strenge)
  • Boleslaus I, Duke of Jawor (Polish: Bolko Srogi)
  • Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia (German: Friedrich der Strenge)
• "~ the Strong":
  • Augustus II the Strong
  • Magnus Nilsson, Swedish pretender
  • Sancho VII of Navarre
  • Uroš IV of Serbia
• "~ the Studious": Manuel II of Portugal (Portuguese: Manuel o Estudioso)
• "~ the Stutterer": Peter I of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Tartamudo)
• "~ the Sun King": Louis XIV of France
  • "The Portuguese Sun King": John V of Portugal

T

• "~ the Tall":
  • Canute II of Sweden
  • Philip V of France (Philippe le Long)
  • Stephen of Serbia
  • Thorkell of East Anglia
• "~ the Terrible":
  • Charles, Duke of Burgundy
  • Ivan IV of Russia (Russian: Иван Грозный, Ivan Groznyy)
  • Shingas
  • Krum of Bulgaria
• "~ the Theologian": John I of Mecklenburg
• "~ the Thunderbolt":
  • Bayezid I, Ottoman Sultan
  • Ptolemy, King of Macedon (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Κεραυνός, romanized: Ptolemaîos Keraunós
• "~ the Till-the-End-of-the-World-Passionate": Peter I of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado)
• "~ the Tough": Helen of Bosnia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Jelena Gruba)
• "~ the Traditionalist": Miguel I of Portugal (Portuguese: Miguel o Tradicionalista)
• "~ the Traditional Queen": Isabella II of Spain (Spanish: Isabel II la Reina Castiza)
• "~ Transmarinus": (Latin: transmarinus "from Outerseas") Louis IV of France (French: Louis d'Outremer)
• "~ the Treacherous": Leonor Telles de Meneses (Portuguese: Leonor Telles de Meneses a Aleivosa)
• "~ the Trembling": Garcia IV of Pamplona
• "~ the Tremulous": Garcia II of Navarre
• "~ of the Tributes": Brian Boru, High King of Ireland (Irish: Brian Borúma)
• "~ the Troubadour":
  • Alfonso II of Aragon
  • Dinis of Portugal (Portuguese: Dinis o Trovador)
  • Theobald I of Navarre (French: Thibault le Trouvère; Spanish: Teobaldo el Trovador; also called Theobald the Posthumous)[120]
• "~ Twistedbeard": Alan II, Duke of Brittany (French: Alain Barbetorte) (Breton: Alan Varvek)[121]
• "~ the Tyrant":
  • Christian II of Denmark (In Sweden)
  • Philip IV of Spain (in Portugal: Portuguese: Filipe o Tirano)

U

• "~ the Unfortunate":
  • Manuel II of Portugal (Portuguese: Manuel o Desventurado)
  • Piero the Unfortunate
• "~ the Unique": Frederick II of Prussia
• "~ the Unlucky":
  • Arnulf III of Flanders
  • Henry III of Reuss
• "~ the Unready": Ethelred II of England
• "~ the Usurper":
  • Mauregato of Asturias
  • Miguel I of Portugal (Portuguese: Miguel o Usurpador)

V

• "~ the Vain": James I of England (VI of Scots)
• "~ the Valiant":
  • John IV, Duke of Brittany (French: Jean le Vaillant), (John V in some English sources)
  • Ralph I, Count of Vermandois (French: Raoul le Vaillant)
  • Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine (French: Thierry le Vaillant)
  • Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine (French: Raoul le Vaillant)
• "~ the Venetian": Andrew III of Hungary (& III of Croatia)
• "~ the Vengeful": Peter I of Portugal (Portuguese: Pedro o Vingativo)
• "~ the Victorious":
  • Afonso VI of Portugal (Portuguese: Afonso o Vitorioso)
  • Charles VII of France
  • Eric of Sweden (Swedish: Erik Segersäll)
  • Frederick I of the Palatinate
  • Valdemar II of Denmark (Danish: Valdemar Sejr; also "Valdemar the Conqueror")
• "~ the Virgin Queen": Elizabeth I of England
• "~the Virtuous": Leopold V, Duke of Austria (German: Leopold der Tugendhafte)[122]

W

• "~ the Warlike":
  • Albert, Prince of Beyreuth
  • Bernard VII of Lippe
  • Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
  • Frederick II of Austria
  • Herman of Schwarzenberg
  • Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor
  • Svyatoslav I of Kiev
• "~ the Warrior": Charles I of Savoy
• "~ the Weak": Uroš V of Serbia
• "~ Wearing-a-Cape": Hugh Capet of France
• "~ the Well-Beloved":
  • Charles VI of France
  • Louis I of Spain (Spanish: Luis el Bien Amado)
• "~ the Well-Served": Charles VII of France
• "~ the Wench of Queluz": Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal (Portuguese: Carlota Joaquina a Megera de Queluz)
• "~ the White":
  • Henry III of Silesia
  • Leszek I of Poland (Polish: Leszek Biały)
• "~ Whiteshirt":
  • Haraldr Whiteshirt
• "~ Who-Fights-Alone":
  • Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor
  • Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev
• "~ the Wicked":
  • Ordoño IV of León
  • Yazdegerd I of Persia
• "~ the Wise":
  • Albert II of Austria
  • Albert IV of Bavaria
  • Alfonso X of Castile
  • Charles V of France
  • Coloman of Hungary
  • Frederick II of the Palatinate
  • Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
  • Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor
  • Mandukhai Khatun, empress of the Mongol Empire
  • Robert of Naples
  • Sancho VI of Navarre
  • William IV of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
  • Yaroslav I of KievBritannica Academic
• "~ the Wrymouth": Boleslaus III of Poland (Polish: Bolesław Krzywousty)

Y

• "Yellow ~" or "~ the Blond": Selim II of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Sarı Sultân Selim)
• "~ the Young":
  • Basarab Ţepeluş of Wallachia (Old Romanian: Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr)
  • Fulk V of Anjou (French: Foulque le Jeune)
• "~ the Young King": Henry the Young King (French: Henri le Jeune)
• "~ the Younger":
  • Conrad II of Sicily
  • Martin I of Sicily
  • Louis VII of France (French: Louis le Jeune)
  • Pippin III, King of the Franks (French: Pépin le Bref; German: Pippin der Kleine, Pippin der Kurze, or Pippin der Jüngere); see also "~ the Short", above

Sobriquets

• "The Accursed": Genghis Khan
• "The Alexander of the West": Henry II of England
• "Alix": Alexandra of Denmark
• "Bertie": George VI of the United Kingdom
• "Bloody Mary": Mary I of England
• "Bonnie Prince Charlie": Charles Edward Stuart, United Kingdom
• "Caligula" ("Little Boots"): Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, Roman Emperor
• "Caracalla" ("Hooded Tunic"): Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman Emperor
• "Cecco Peppe" (Italian, diminutive of Francesco Giuseppe): Franz Joseph I of Austria
• "Champion of the Reformation": John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
• "Daisy": Margrethe II of Denmark
• "Dickie": Louis Mountbatten
• "Dominus Mundi": Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
• "Ducky": Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
• "the Emperor of Universal Dominion": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
• "Emperor-Sacristan": Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
• "Ena": Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
• "Farmer George": George III the United Kingdom
• "Father of England" Edward III of England
• "Father of Europe" (Latin: "Pater Europae"): Charlemagne
• "Father-in-law of Europe":
  • Christian IX of Denmark
  • Nicholas I of Montenegro
• "First Gentleman of Europe": Louis XV of France
• "Fox of Mecklenburg": Albert II of Mecklenburg
• "Gloriana": Elizabeth I of England
• "Good King Edward": Edward III of England
• "Good King Henry" (French: "le bon roi Henri"): Henry IV of France
• "Good King René" (French: "le bon roi René"): René of Anjou, (deposed) king of peninsular Sicily
• "Good Queen Bess": Elizabeth I of England
• "Grandfather of Europe": Miguel I of Portugal[123]
• "Grandmother of Europe": Queen Victoria
• "The Great Belly-Gerent": Frederick I of Württemberg
• "The Great Elector" (German: "Großer Kurfürst"): Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
• "Greek Nicky": Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark
• "Hammer of the North": Harald III of Norway
• "Hammer of the Scots": Edward I of England
• "Harry": Maud of the United Kingdom
• "The Huckster King": Henry VII of England
• "The Iron and Golden King": Ottokar II of Bohemia (Czech: "Král železný a zlatý")
• "The Iron Duke": Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva (Dutch: "IJzeren Hertog")
• "The Iron Pope" (Italian: Il Papa Ferreo): Pope Sixtus V
• "Kaiser Bill": Wilhelm II, German Emperor
• "The King of May" (Italian: "Re di maggio"): Umberto II of Italy
• "The King of the Seas" Edward III of England
• "The Last Emperor": Puyi of China (Chinese: 末代皇帝)
• "The Last Knight": Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
• "Lion of Justice": Henry I of England; Henry II of England
• "Lilibet": Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
• "Lion of the North": Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
• "The Little Corporal": Napoleon I of France
• "Little Sabre" (Italian: "Sciaboletta"): Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
• "May": Mary of Teck
• "Missy": Marie of Romania
• "The Merry Monarch" or "The Merrie Monarch":
  • Charles II of England
  • Kalākaua of Hawaiʻi
• "Mrs Brown": Queen Victoria. Refers to the Queen's relationship with her personal attendant, John Brown.
• "Napoleon of the Pacific": Kamehameha I of Hawaiʻi
• "Nicky": Nicholas II of Russia
• "The Nine Days Queen": Lady Jane Grey
• "Old Coppernose": Henry VIII of England
• "The One of the Little Dagger" (Catalan: "El del Punyalet"): Peter IV of Aragon
• "The People's King": Lunalilo of Hawaii
• "Pingo": Frederik X of Denmark
• "The Pious Grandfather" (Italian: Il Pio Nonno, a pun on the Italian form of his regnal name, Pio Nono): Pope Pius IX
• "The Prince of Whales": George IV of the United Kingdom. Note that it is Whales instead of Wales. George was indeed the Prince of Wales during his regency, while he was also quite obese. Political satirical cartoons at the time would make fun of his obesity and portray him as a massive whale.[124][125]
• "The Sailor King": William IV of the United Kingdom
• "The Scourge of God": Attila the Hun
• "Skanderbeg" (from Albanian Skënderbeu, "Lord Alexander"): George Kastrioti of Albania
• "Sissi/Sisi": Empress Elisabeth of Austria
• "Soft-Sword": John, King of England
• "Stupid Willy" (Polish: "Głupi Wiluś"): Wilhelm II of Germany
• "Stupor Mundi": Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
• "The Sun King" (French: "Le Roi Soleil"): Louis XIV of France
• "The Tennis King": (Swedish: Tenniskungen) Gustav V of Sweden
• "The Theater King": (Swedish: Teaterkungen) Gustav III of Sweden
• "Thief of Cairo": Farouk of Egypt
• "The Uncle of Europe": Edward VII of the United Kingdom
• "The Universal Spider" (Old French: "l'universelle aragne"): Louis XI of France
• "The Virgin Queen": Elizabeth I of England
• "The Warrior King": Abdullah II of Jordan[126][127]
• "The Warrior Pope" (Italian: Il Papa Guerriero): Pope Julius II
• "The Winter King": Frederick I of Bohemia
• "The Wisest Fool in Christendom": James I of England
• "The World-Emperor": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

See also

• Epithet
• Nickname
• Sobriquet
• Victory titles
• List of people known as the Great
• List of royal saints and martyrs
• List of military figures by nickname
• Lists of nicknames

Notes

1. Old English for "Princeling"
2. Italian for Red-Beard
3. Possibly meaning "cloaked" or from Latin "caput", meaning head; etymology uncertain
4. From Portuguese "capaz", capable, and "idóneo", idoneous

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Further reading

• Ross, Martha. Rulers and Governments of the World – Vol 1, Earliest Times to 1491, Bowker Publishing Company Ltd, London & New York, 1978. ISBN 0-85935-051-7