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List of methanol poisoning incidentsOutbreaks of methanol toxicity have occurred when methanol is used to lace moonshine (bootleg liquor),[1] which is an alcohol-related crime. However, it may also happen if ethanol has been contaminated. Methanol is a toxic alcohol to humans via ingestion due to metabolism. If as little as 10 ml of pure methanol is ingested, for example, it can break down into formic acid, which can cause permanent blindness by destruction of the optic nerve, and 30 ml is potentially fatal,[2] although the median lethal dose is typically 100 ml (3.4 fl oz) (i.e. 1–2 ml/kg body weight) of pure methanol.[3] This does not happen with ethanol, which breaks down into acetic acid, which is non-toxic in small amounts. Reference dose for methanol is 0.5 mg/kg/day.[4] Toxic effects take hours to start, and effective antidotes, like ethanol, can often prevent permanent damage.[2] Because of its similarities in both appearance and odor to ethanol (the alcohol in beverages), it is difficult to differentiate between the two. A more comprehensive list of methanol incidents can be found through the Medécines sans Frontieres´ (MSF/Doctors without Borders) data collection at MSF methanol incidents. Further material can also be found at https://methanolpoisoning.msf.org AntarcticaOn May 11, 2000, Rodney Marks unexpectedly became unwell while walking between the remote observatory and the base of Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. Over a 36-hour period, Marks became increasingly sick, before dying on May 12, 2000. How Marks got methanol poisoning remains unknown. AustraliaIn 2013 three people died and one suffered partial blindness when they ingested a home-made beverage containing methanol.[5] In 1997 two people from Central Australia died and two survived after ingesting a drink made from methanol and other alcoholic beverages.[6] BrazilIn 1999, 35 people died in 10 cities of the state of Bahia as a result of drinking cachaça contaminated with methanol. Further investigation revealed concentrations as high as 24.84% methanol. Over 20 days, 450 people were hospitalized with symptoms of methanol ingestion.[7] CambodiaIn 2012, 49 people died, and more than 300 people were hospitalized, after drinking rice wine contaminated by methanol.[8] Costa Rica25 persons died in August 2019 due to methanol poisoning.[9] Czech Republic The 2012 Czech Republic methanol poisonings occurred in September 2012 in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia.[10] Over the course of several days, 38 people in the Czech Republic[11] and four people in Poland died as a result of methanol poisoning and several tens of others were taken to hospital.[12][13] El SalvadorIn El Salvador, as many as 122 people died in 2000 as a result of drinking low quality liquors sold in unauthorized shops that were found to be adulterated with methanol.[14] The incident prompted the authorities to declare a 10-day emergency prohibition and a massive inspection of alcohol-vending establishments. The root cause was believed to be an act of terrorism, possibly a social cleansing campaign targeted against alcoholics,[15] as the offending distilleries were not found to be responsible for the methanol contents that were present in the affected liquors.[16] EstoniaThe Pärnu methanol poisoning incident occurred in Pärnu county, Estonia, in September 2001, when 68 people died and 43 were left disabled after contents of stolen methanol canisters were used in production of bootleg liquor.[17] IndiaIndia has a thriving moonshine industry, and methanol-tainted batches have killed over 2,000 people in the last 3 decades, including:
IndonesiaArak that has been laced has contributed to deaths due to methanol toxicity.[25][26][27][28] IranIn 2013, as a result of methanol mass poisoning in Iran[29] 694 people were hospitalised in the city of Rafsanjan. 8 people were reported dead due to severe intoxication. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, nearly 300 people died and over a thousand became ill from drinking methanol in the belief that drinking it can kill the virus in the body.[30] IrelandTwo men were killed in a methanol poisoning incident near to Burtonport, County Donegal, Republic of Ireland in 2014 after drinking what was claimed to be poitín (an Irish moonshine made from potatoes).[31] One man was native Irish and the other a Lithuanian immigrant. A bottle seized at the scene of one poisoning was found to contain 97% methanol.[32][33] In 2017 a person was severely poisoned after buying "vodka" from an unlicensed seller in the Ballymun area of Dublin; the bottle had been refilled with a liquid containing methanol.[34][35][36] ItalyIn 1986 the methanol-tainted wine scandal[37] was a fraud perpetrated by adulterating table wine with methanol, poisoning over a hundred people, with 90 hospitalized, 23 deaths, and many others heavily injured (blindness and neurological damages).[38] Laos2024 Laos methanol poisoning: In November 2024, six foreign tourists, including two Australian teenagers, two Danish women, one British lawyer, and one American tourist, died of suspected methanol poisoning after consuming laced alcohol at the Nana Backpackers Hostel in the town of Vang Vieng, Laos. Several others were hospitalized in Thailand after experiencing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Methanol poisoning, caused by improperly distilled alcohol, can lead to severe health complications, including blindness and death.[39] The incident led to the arrest of eleven staff members from the hostel and prompted an investigation by Laotian authorities to identify the source of the contamination.[40] Governments, including Australia, updated their travel advisories, warning citizens about the dangers of unregulated local alcohol in Southeast Asia. This tragedy underscored the risks associated with counterfeit or improperly produced beverages in regions with limited regulatory oversight.[41][42] LibyaAt least 51 people died in Tripoli in 2013.[43] The consumption and sale of alcohol is illegal in Libya.[43] MadagascarThe Madagascar methanol mass poisoning occurred in 1998 when 200 people died.[44] MalaysiaFrom September until October 2018, 45 people have been reported died of methanol poisoning from drinking fake liquor.[45] In this incident, the methanol content was up to 50 times more than the permissible amount.[46] Cases of toxic alcohol poisoning have been reported in Selangor, the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, Perak and Negeri Sembilan.[45] The deaths comprised various nationalities mostly of foreign workers from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar and Nepal.[45] Around 30 people including three Indian nationals, believed to be responsible for the distribution of cheap counterfeit liquor to retailers around Selayang and Desa Jaya which led to the methanol poisoning incident have been arrested.[47][48] MexicoGovernment restrictions on liquor and beer sales during the COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated the problem of illegal production and sale of alcoholic beverages in Mexico. Reportedly, 35 people died in 2020 in just one mass poisoning incident due to methanol tainted drinks.[49] MoroccoBetween September 28 and 29, 2022, 21 deaths occurred in the northern Moroccan city of Ksar El Kebir.[50] Between May 31 and June 2, 2023, 9 deaths occurred in the Moroccan city of Meknes.[51] NigeriaBetween April 14 and April 26, 2015, 23 deaths were recorded in relation to methanol poisoning in Ayadi and Ode-Irele towns of Irele Local Government Area in Ondo State.[52] 66 people in Rivers State died over a few weeks that started in April 2015 due to methanol-contaminated ogogoro.[53][54][55] NorwayBetween September 2002 and December 2004, 51 people were admitted to hospital with symptoms of methanol poisoning, of whom 9 died. A further 8 people who died outside hospital were found to have died from methanol poisoning following autopsy. The liquor responsible for all of the cases contained 20% methanol and 80% ethanol and probably came from the same source in southern Europe.[56] PeruIn October 2022 in Lima, Peru 54 people died due to consuming fruit-flavored vodka that was laced with methanol. The source of the methanol was from windshield washer fluid and antifreeze.[57] PhilippinesThe Luzon lambanog deaths started to occur in late November 2018 in separate places in the Philippines after drinking arrack (locally known in the Philippines as lambanog) in separate places in the Philippines. The case started on November 29 when the residents from Calamba, Laguna drank lambanog and began to experience symptoms such as stomach cramps, resulting in hospital admission; they subsequently died.[58] People who consumed lambanog experienced other symptoms such as nausea, chest pains, and blurry vision. Meanwhile, another four persons, who were tricycle drivers, were reported to have died after they consumed arrack and thirteen others were hospitalized in Quezon City.[59] In December 2019, at least 23 people died while around 300 were hospitalized after drinking methanol-laced palm liquor, locally known as lambanog, in the provinces of Laguna and Quezon.[60][61] Separate incidents of methanol poisoning involving lambanog were also reported in 2018 which caused at least 21 deaths.[62] Russia In October and November 2005, 34 people in Magadan died from methanol poisoning after drinking tainted liquor.[63] In December 2016, 72 people died in a mass methanol poisoning in Irkutsk, Siberia. The poisoning was precipitated by drinking counterfeit surrogate alcohol—actually scented bath lotion that was marked as not safe for consumption.[64] Named Boyaryshnik ("Hawthorn"),[65] it was described by the Associated Press as being counterfeit.[66] In October 2021, in Orenburg, 35 people died and 33 others were poisoned in a mass surrogate alcohol poisoning. 7 people were noted as being in serious condition, and 3 people were placed on ventilators. 10 people were arrested for the incident.[67] Also, in October 2021 18 people died and a number were poisoned in another mass surrogate alcohol poisoning in Yekaterinburg and towns nearby. Two persons were arrested.[68] In May–June 2023, at least 30 people died and 96 were poisoned in the Samara region by cider contaminated with methanol and ethyl butyrate. The contaminated alcohol had reportedly been stolen from a warehouse of the Russian Interior Ministry. Four people, including one police officer, were arrested.[69] SerbiaIn 1998,[70] 43 people died after drinking Rakia which contained between 40-75% methanol per bottle. The case is commonly known as the "Zozovača affair".[71] There were also at least 13 people with permanent health consequences.[72] SpainIn 1963, methanol was used in the preparation of bottled mixed alcohol drinks such as coffee liqueur. According official records, 51 died and 9 lost their sight, but according to newspapers there may have been thousands of victims, mainly in Galicia and the Canary Islands.[73][74] Turkey
UgandaIn April 2010, 80 people died from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after drinking waragi adulterated with a high amount of methanol over a three-week period in Kabale District.[83][84][85] Many of the deaths were blamed on the reluctance of people to openly admit their relatives had been drinking it, allowing the abuse of the substance to continue.[84][85] When revelations came about houses were searched, with around 120 jerrycans uncovered.[85] United StatesIn December 1963, a rash of 31 deaths in Philadelphia's homeless population was traced to a local store that knowingly sold Sterno to people for them to consume and get drunk.[86] In January 2016, consumption of a mixture of Mountain Dew and methanol, referred to as Dewshine, resulted in the reported deaths of two Tennessee high school students.[87] The methanol in this case was believed to come from racing fuel.[88][89] In April 2018, a Massachusetts man died after ingesting alcohol that was contaminated with methanol. The product consumed was labeled "Ethanol Extraction 95% ethanol and 5% water". An FDA recall was issued and the company is no longer selling the product which was sold over the internet and shipped by the U.S. Postal Service.[90] References
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