When the 68th Regiment of Foot and the 106th Regiment of Foot became the Durham Light Infantry (DLI) in 1881 under the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Armed Forces, seven pre-existing militia and volunteer battalions of County Durham were integrated into the structure of the DLI. These latter battalions had existed intermittently for some time, but had been made permanent in reaction to a perceived threat of invasion by France the late 1850s.[1][2][3] The militia, in two battalions, were more appealing to the working classes as the equipment was government funded, while the volunteers were organised as "rifle volunteer corps", independent of the British Army, financially self-supporting and composed primarily of the middle class, they underwent a number of reorganisations before reaching the form in which they were incorporated into the county regiment.[4][5][6]
2nd Bombay European Regiment, 2nd Regiment Bombay European Light Infantry (1840[12]), 2nd European Regiment Bombay Light Infantry (14 December 1854[13]), Her Majesty's 2nd Regiment of Bombay European Light Infantry (3 November 1859[14]), 106th Regiment Bombay Light Infantry (30 July 1862[15])
In December 1887 the Durham Rifle Volunteer Battalions were renamed as Volunteer Battalions of the Durham Light Infantry retaining their Administrative battalion numbers.[20] The 3rd Corps sub-title was granted in 1867, with the slight change officially registered in 1887.[21]
Reorganisation
The Territorial Force (renamed the Territorial Army in 1920) was formed in 1908, from the volunteer infantry battalions of the county regiments, and other volunteer arms. The militia battalions transferred to the "Reserve" or the "Special Reserve". The 3rd and 4th battalions exchanged numbers that year, and were recast as the 3rd (Reserve) and 4th (Extra Reserve) battalions in a draft finding role.[22] The reason for this apparently pointless exchange of numbers was that in the event of a mobilisation the War Office intended to use the 3rd battalion of a regiment to provide reinforcements for the regular battalions, while if a regiment had a 4th battalion it would be mobilised as a whole unit. The older unit (1st Durham Fusiliers, then the 3rd battalion) wished to remain as a fighting unit, and so exchanged numbers.[23] All volunteer battalions were renumbered to create a single numerical sequence.[24]
The Durham Light Infantry would send 22 battalions overseas and lose 12006 other ranks during the course of the war.[25] The regiment's territorial components formed duplicate second and third line battalions of progressively lower fitness men.[26] Many new battalions, technically of the Regular Army, were formed as part of Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener's appeal for an initial 100,000 men volunteers in August 1914, referred to as the New Army or Kitchener's Army. The 18th and 20th Service battalions, were referred to as "Pals" because they were predominantly composed of colleagues, the 19th battalion was originally a Bantam battalion.[27] The Volunteer Training Corps were raised with overage or reserved occupation men early in the war, and were initially self-organised into many small corps, with a wide variety of names, such as the Darlington Civilian Rifle Club, formed on 12 September 1914 which had amembership of 260 by December that year.[28] Recognition of the corps by the authorities brought regulation and as the war continued the small corps were formed into battalion sized units of the county Volunteer Regiment. In 1918 these were linked to county regiments.[29]
One of eight out of the 52 regular Army infantry battalions ordered to stay in India.[30]
2nd
1839
Western Front, Army of Occupation
Attached to 18th Brigade, 6th Division throughout the war.[30] Battle patch, a shield in regimental colours painted on the helmet from August 1918.[31]
Reserve and Special Reserve
3rd (Reserve)
1853
Britain
Not embodied, used as a source of replacements for the Regular battalions.[30]
4th (Extra Reserve)
1759
Britain
Used as a source of replacements for the Regular battalions.[30]
Attached to 151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, 50th (Northumbrian) Division until June 1918.[30] Battle-patch, a red diamond on the upper arm, and helmet.[33]
1/7th
1861
Western Front.
Demobilised June 1919
Attached to 151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, 50th (Northumbrian) Division until it became the division's pioneer battalion in May 1915. Transferred to 8th Division and absorbed the 22nd Battalion 23 June 1918[30][19]
1/8th
1861
Western Front
Reduced to cadre strength 15 June 1918
Attached to 151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, 50th (Northumbrian) Division until June 1918.[30] Battle-patch, a slate blue coloured diamond on the upper arm.[33]
1/9th
1861
Western Front, Army of Occupation.
Attached to 151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, 50th (Northumbrian) Division until it became the pioneer battalion for the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division in February 1918.[30] Battle-patch (while in 50th Div), a green diamond on the upper arm.[33][34]
Disbanded in February 1918 as part of the Army reorganisation, reinforcing other D.L.I battalions.
Part of 43rd Brigade, 14th (Light) Division until disbanded. Nicknamed "The Shiny Tenth". Battle-patch, a silhouette of a regimental cap badge in red.[37]
Part of the 68th Brigade, 23rd Division throughout the war. Battle-patch, a green rectangle with a central red horizontal stripe and a central green circle, worn on the sleeve.[38]
Part of the 68th Brigade, 23rd Division until September 1918 when it returned to the Western Front from Italy with the 74th Brigade, 25th Division. Battle-patch (while in 23rd Div), a diamond divided into red and green triangular halves, orientation showed company, worn on the sleeve.[38]
Disbanded February 1918 as part of the Army reorganisation, reinforcing other D.L.I battalions.
Part of the 64th Brigade, 21st Division until September 1915 then joined the 2nd Battalion in 18th Brigade, 6th Infantry Division until disbandment. Battle patch (while in the 6th Division) a dark green triangle.[39]
Part of the 64th Brigade, 21st Division throughout the war. Battle-patch, a green inverted triangle on the sleeve and back collar, from 1918 a yellow bugle replaced the square on the back collar.[40][41]
A Pals battalion. Part of the 93rd Brigade, 31st Division throughout the war. Battle-patch, a red horizontal rectangle on a green rectangle on the sleeve, brigade patch a white and red square divided diagonally on the back.[42]
A Bantam battalion. Part of the 106th Brigade, 35th Division, moving to the 104th Brigade in February 1918. It ceased to be a Bantam unit in January 1917. Battle patch, the cap badge stencilled in white on the front of the helmet.[43]
A Pals battalion. Part of the 123rd Brigade, 41st Division, moving to the 124th Brigade in March 1918. Battle-patch, a red inverted triangle under an upper segment of an annulus.[44]
Formed as local reserve battalion from depot companies of 18th and 20th Battalions. Became 87th Training Reserve Battalion in 20th Reserve Brigade, September 1916[45]
Merged with 1/7th pioneer Battalion (50th (Northumbrian) Division) 23 June 1918
A Pals battalion; 3rd County Battalion. Arrived in France unbrigaded with the 19th (Western) Division in July 1915, then attached to 8th Division as divisional pioneers until June 1918. Battle patch, two circles, red and green side by side.[46]
Formed from a cadre of the 2/7th Battalion Duke of Wellington's Regiment, and included drafts from the 26th and 27th Battalions. Part of 41st Brigade, 14th (Light) Division from July 1918.
Originally the 11th (Reserve) Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment, before becoming the 4th Training Reserve Battalion, and then the 258th Battalion in 215th Brigade of the 72nd (Home Service) Division; became a service battalion in 1919[45]
1st Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed 9 August 1916, became the 1st Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Gateshead
Disbanded post war
By August 1918 it had a strength of 256 officers and 10,408 N.C.O.s and men.[47]
2nd Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed 9 August 1916, became the 2nd Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Sunderland
Disbanded post war
3rd Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed 9 August 1916, became the 3rd Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Bishop Auckland
Disbanded post war
4th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed 9 August 1916, became the 4th Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Darlington
Disbanded post war
5th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed December 1916, became the 5th Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Stockton
Disbanded post war
6th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed December 1916, became the 6th Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Hartlepool
Disbanded post war
7th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed March 1917, became the 7th Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Sunderland
Disbanded post war
8th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment, formed March 1917
Houghton le Spring
Disbanded between February and August 1918
9th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed August 1918, became the 9th Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Birtley
Disbanded post war
10th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed August 1918, became the 10th Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
West Hartlepool
Disbanded post war
11th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed August 1918, became the 11th Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Sunderland
Disbanded post war
12th Battalion Durham Volunteer Regiment formed August 1918, became the 8th Volunteer Battalion Durham Light Infantry
Houghton le Spring
Disbanded post war
Inter-War
By late 1920, all of the regiment's war-raised battalions had disbanded, with many of their Colours laid up in Durham Cathedral.[48] Territorial Force battalions were reformed in 1921, renamed the Territorial Army later in the year.[49]
Transferred to the Royal Engineers in 1938 and converted into a searchlight (S/L) battalion, becoming Royal Artillery in August 1940.[52]
Split in 1938, forming the 1/5th and 2/5th battalions, became respectively the 54th and 55th (D.L.I.) Searchlight Regiments, the 54th with an attached ATS company.[53] The 55th (S/L) Regiment became the 113th (D.L.I.) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment in January 1942.[54] Both regiments deployed to North West Europe in 1944 as part of 21st Army Group. The 113th L.A.A. Regiment would help liberate Bergen-Belsen and aid the survivors. The 113th L.A.A. regiment ended the War around Hanover, the 54th (S/L) Regiment ended the War in Antwerp.[55][56]
6th
Reformed 1920
7th
Reformed 1920
Transferred to the Royal Engineers in 1936 and converted into a searchlight (S/L) battalion, becoming Royal Artillery in August 1940.[57]
Initially the 47th (D.L.I.) A.A. Battalion R.E. (T.A.), on joining the Royal Artillery it became the 47th (D.L.I.) S/L Regiment R.A. (T.A.). In January 1942 it was renamed the 112th (D.L.I.) L.A.A. Regiment R.A. (T.A.),[58] and deployed to North West Europe in 1944 as part of XII Corps, with one battery converting to use the Land Mattress in March 1945. It ended the War in Hamburg[59]
8th
Reformed 1920
9th
Reformed 1920
Second World War
The regiment's expansion during the Second World War was modest compared to 1914–18. Existing territorial battalions formed duplicates as in WWI (using whole rather than fractional numbers), while National Defence Companies were used to create a new "Home Defence" battalion. Hostilities-only battalions were raised after the evacuation of Dunkirk.[60] In addition to this, 26 battalions of the Home Guard were affiliated to the regiment, wearing its cap badge,[61] and also by 1944 one Heavy Anti Aircraft (HAA) battery, and four rocket batteries (Z Battery).[62] Due to the daytime (or shift working) occupations of these men, the batteries required eight times the manpower of an equivalent regular battery.[63] A number of Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) troops were formed from the local battalions to defend specific points, such as factories.[64]
Distinguishing marks: Blackened cap badge on a red square. "Semi-official" shoulder title colours of red letters on a green background.[74] A 'Blue Durham flash' on the shoulder.[75]
8th
1861
France, Britain, Syria, Iraq, North Africa, Sicily, North West Europe
Reduced to training cadre December 1944 and returned to the UK. Disbanded 16 January 1946 at Harrogate.[76]
Spent the war with 151st Brigade, 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division.
Distinguishing mark: Cap badge on a dark green circle. A 'Blue Durham flash' on the shoulder.
9th
1861
France, Britain, Syria, Iraq, North Africa, Sicily, North West Europe
Disbanded 16 October 1946 in Germany at Hemer.[77]
Spent the war with 151st Brigade, 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division until transferred to 131st Brigade of the 7th Armoured Division in December 1944. Ended the War in Hamburg.[78]
Distinguishing mark: a 'Blue Durham flash' on the shoulder while with 151st Brigade.
Brigaded in the 206th Independent Infantry Brigade with the 14th and 17th battalions until December 1940, then spent the rest of the war with 139th Infantry Brigade, 46th Infantry Division.
Distinguishing mark: Cap badge on a dark square background[87]
Brigaded in the 206th Independent Infantry Brigade until September In September 1942 the battalion became part of 164th Infantry Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division until September 1943.[88] The battalion had provided ~1900 trained officers and other ranks as replacements by the time of its disbandment.[89]
Served as demonstration battalion for G.H.Q. Battle School. Over 400 officers and men sent overseas, intended for the 151st Brigade, over 150 however reached the 16th Battalion D.L.I. and the 6th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment of the 138th Brigade, both in 46th division then in Italy. After their first actions in Italy the C.O. of Lincolns said "...If we received drafts like this every time, the war would soon be over.".[94]
C Troop, 11th Anti-Aircraft Regiment (Home Guard) (LAA)
DHM 20
Aycliffe, (Royal Ordnance Factory)
E, F Troops LAA
DHM 23
Washington, (Washington Chemical Co.)
G Troop LAA
Post-Second World War
In the immediate post-war period, the army was significantly reduced with all regiments being reduced to one battalion. The D.L.I. was one of only seven regiments to re-raise its second battalion in the early 1950s.[97][note 1] After a long period of suspended animation the Militia battalions were finally disbanded in 1953.
Battalion
Service
Fate
Notes
Regular
1st
Germany, Korea, Cyprus, Borneo
Amalgamated with other light infantry regiments to form The Light Infantry in 1968
Reformed 1952, re-amalgamated with the 1st battalion in 1955.
Supplementary Reserve
3rd
Disbanded 1953
4th
Disbanded 1953
Colours laid up in the parish church of St Mary the Virgin, Barnard Castle, 16 December 1956.[23]
Territorial Army
6th
Amalgamated with the 8th battalion on 26 February 1967 to form the 6th/8th Battalion, the Durham Light Infantry. Disbanded and reformed on 1 April 1967 as D Company, The Light Infantry Volunteers and the 6th/8th (Territorial) Battalion, The Durham Light Infantry, the latter as part of the TAVR III.[99]
Lewis P J 2010 8th Battalion The Durham Light Infantry 1939-1945 Naval and Military Press ISBN9781845741457
Miles, Capt. W F (1920). The Durham Forces in the Field. The Service battalions of the Durham Light Infantry. Naval and Military Press. ISBN9781845740733.
Order of Service 4th 1956 The Laying Up of the Colours of the 4th (Militia) Battalion The Durham Light Infantry Teesdale Mercury
Order of Service 1st 1968 The Laying Up of the Colours of the 1st Battalion The Durham Light Infantry by the Light Infantry G Bails & Sons
Order of Service 9th 1949 The Laying up of the Colours and the Dedication and Unveiling of the Book of Remembrance and Memorial to all Ranks of the 9th Bn The Durham Light Infantry (T.A.) Gale & Polden
Rissik D 1952 (2010) The D.L.I. at War. The History of the Durham Light Infantry 1939-1945. Naval and Military Press ISBN9781845741440
Sadler J 2010 Dunkirk to Belsen. The Soldiers Own Dramatic Stories JR Books ISBN9781906779870
Vane W L 1914 (2010) The Durham Light Infantry. The United Red and White Rose Naval and Military Press ISBN9781845741464
Ward, S G P 1962 Faithful. The Story of the Durham Light Infantry Naval and Military Press ISBN9781845741471
Westlake, Ray (2020). Guide to the Volunteer Training Corps 1914-1918. Uckfield: Naval and Military Press. ISBN9781783315390.
Westlake, Ray (2010) Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, ISBN978 1 84884 211 3.
Whittacker, L B (1990). Stand Down. Orders of battle for the units of the Home Guard of the United Kingdom, November 1944. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. ISBN1871167140.