The term "National Treasure" has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897.[1]
The definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. These archaeological materials adhere to the current definition, and have been designated national treasures since the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their "especially high historical or artistic value".[2][3] The list presents 50 materials or sets of materials from ancient to feudal Japan, spanning a period from about 4,500 BC to 1361 AD. The actual number of items is more than 50 because groups of related objects have been combined into single entries. Most of the items have been excavated from tombs, kofun, sutra mounds or other archaeological sites. The materials are
housed in museums (32), temples (9), shrines (8) and a university (1) in 27 cities of Japan. The Tokyo National Museum houses the greatest number of archaeological national treasures, with 7 of the 50.[3]
The Japanese Paleolithic marks the beginning of human habitation in Japan.[4] It is generally accepted that human settlement did not occur before 38,000 BC, although some sources suggest the date to be as early as 50,000 BC.[5] Archaeological artifacts from the paleolithic era consist of stone tools of various types, indicative of a hunter-gatherer society.[4][5][6][7] A set of 1965 such tools has been designated as the oldest National Treasure.[8] From about 14,000 to 8,000 BC, the society gradually transformed to one characterized by the creation of pottery used for storage, cooking, bone burial and possibly ceremonial purposes.[9][10][11] People continued to subsist on hunting, fishing and gathering, but evidence points to a gradual decrease in the nomadic lifestyle.[5][12][13][14][15][16]Potsherds of unornamented pottery from the oldest archaeological sites constitute some of the world's oldest pottery.[9] These are followed by linear-relief, punctated and nail-impressed pottery types. The first cord-marked pottery dates to 8,000 BC.[17] Cord-marked pottery required a technique of pressing twisted cords into the clay, or by rolling cord-wrapped sticks across the clay. The Japanese definition for the period of prehistory characterized by the use of pottery is Jōmon (縄文, lit. cord-patterned) and refers to the entire period (c. 10,500 to 300 BC).[18] Pottery techniques reached their apogee during the Middle Jōmon period with the emergence of fire-flame pottery created by sculpting and carving coils of clay applied to vessel rims, resulting in a rugged appearance.[9][11][19][20] A set of 57 items of fire-flame pottery, dating to around 4,500 BC, has been designated as National Treasure. Archaeologists consider that such pottery may have had a symbolic meaning or was used ceremonially.[19]Dogū—small clay figurines depicting humans and animals—can be dated to the earliest Jōmon period but their prevalence increased dramatically in the middle Jōmon.[21] Many of these depict women with exaggerated breasts and enlarged buttocks, considered to be a fertility symbol.[22][23][24] Five dogū from 3000 to 1000 BC have been designated as National Treasures.
The ensuing Yayoi period is characterized by great technological advances such as wet-rice agriculture or bronze and iron casting, which were introduced from the mainland.[9][25][26] Iron knives and axes, followed by bronze swords, spears and mirrors, were brought to Japan from Korea and China.[26][27] Later all of these were produced locally.[28] The primary artistic artifacts, with the exception of Yayoi pottery, are bronze weapons, such as swords, halberds and dōtaku, ritual bells.[25] The bells were often discovered in groups on a hillside buried with the weapons.[29] They are 0.2 to 1.2 m (7.9 in to 3 ft 11.2 in) tall and often decorated with geometric designs such as horizontal bands, flowing water patterns or spirals.[25][29] A few bells feature the earliest Japanese depiction of people and animals.[25][30] In addition ornamental jewels were found. The weapons that have been excavated are flat and thin, suggesting a symbolic use.[25] Due to rusting, few iron objects have survived from this period.[27] Burial mounds in square, and later round, enclosures were common in the Yayoi period. The starting date of the Kofun period (c. 250–300 AD) is defined by the appearance of large-scale keyhole-shaped kofun mound tombs, thought to mark imperial burials.[28][31] Typical burial goods include mirrors, beads, Sue ware, weapons and later horse gear.[31] One of the most well-known tombs, whose content of warrior-related items has been designated as National Treasure, is the late 6th century Fujinoki Tomb.[31] Mirrors, swords and curved jewels, which constitute the Imperial Regalia of Japan, appear as early as the middle Yayoi period, and are abundant in Kofun period tombs.[31] Characteristic of most kofun are haniwa clay terra cotta figures whose origin and purpose is unknown.[31] A haniwa of an armoured man has been designated as National Treasure; and a 1st-century gold seal, designated a National Treasure, shows one of the earliest mentions of Japan or Wa.[32][33]
Buddhism arrived in Japan in the mid–6th century Asuka period, and was officially adopted in the wake of the Battle of Shigisan in 587, after which Buddhist temples began to be constructed.[34] The new religion and customs fundamentally transformed Japanese society and the arts.[35] Funerary traditions such as cremation and the practice of placing epitaphs in graves were imported from China and Korea. Following the treatment of Buddhist relics, the cremated remains in a glass container were wrapped in a cloth and placed in an outer container.[36] Epitaphs, which recorded the lives of the deceased on silver or bronze rectangular strips, were particularly popular from the latter half of the 7th to the end of the 8th century (late Asuka and Nara period). Four epitaphs and a number of cinerary urns and reliquaries containing bones have been designated as National Treasures.[37] Other archaeological National Treasures from the Buddhist era include ritual items buried in the temple foundations of the Golden Halls of Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji in Nara.[38] According to an ancient Buddhist prophecy, the world would enter a dark period in 1051; consequently in the late Heian period the belief in the saving powers of Maitreya or Miroku, the Buddha to be, became widespread. Believers buried scriptures and images to gain merit and to prepare for the coming Buddha.[39][40] This practice, which continued into the Kamakura period, required the transcription of sutras according to strict ritual protocols, their placement in protective reliquary containers and burial in the earth of sacred mountains, shrines or temples to await the future Buddha.[40][41] The oldest known sutra mound is that of Fujiwara no Michinaga from 1007 on Mount Kinpu, who buried one lotus sutra and five other sutras that he had written in 998.[40] Its sutra container has been designated as National Treasure.
Statistics
All of the 50 National Treasures are presently located in Japan; two were discovered in China and three were found in Japan, but the exact locations of their excavation sites is unknown. The excavation sites of the remaining 45 treasures are contained in the following table.
Height: 19.8 cm (7.8 in), width: 14.2 cm (5.6 in), depth: 15.2 cm (6.0 in), remaining traces of red pigment suggest that the whole figure was once painted red
Artifacts from the Saitama Inariyama Kofun (武蔵埼玉稲荷山古墳出土品, Musashi Saitama Inariyama kofun shutsudohin)[48]
Various articles from a burial mound including the Inariyama Sword, a shinju-kyo, a Jademagatama, two silver rings, tools, other weapons and items of armour
Objects from the Tōdaijiyama Tumulus (奈良県東大寺山古墳出土品, Nara-ken Tōdaijiyama kofun shutsudohin)[49][50]
Particularly noted for the Tōdaijiyama Sword, the oldest inscribed artifact in Japan. Other articles in this designation include: 13 kanto (ring-pommel) swords and swords with wooden handles, more than 25 iron swords and lances, 261 arrowheads, a set of leather armor, seven bronze vessels, 62 beads, 45 stone arrowheads, 13 pot-shaped stone vesels, 51 jasper arm ornaments.
Ritual objects used in consecration of the building site of the Golden Hall, Kōfuku-ji (興福寺金堂鎮壇具, Kōfukuji kondō chindangu), designation Nr. 0024[51][52]
1400 individual items of more than 30 types buried to purify the construction site of the Golden Hall of Kōfuku-ji and to protect the building of catastrophes. The articles are made of The seven treasures (七宝, shippō): gold, silver, pearl, crystal, amber, glass and agate and include bowls, cups, spoons, a pestle, mirrors, swords, knives, rosary and other beads, combs, hexagonal and cylindrical objects, etc.
Gilt bronze cinerary urn of Ina no Omura (金銅威奈大村骨蔵器, kondō Ina no Ōmura kotsuzōki)[57]
Gilt bronze urn for the ashes of Ina no Omura, a descendant of Emperor Senka. The lid bears a 319 character inscription dated November 21, 707, telling about his career to become a feudal lord as well as his death and burial. Height: 24.2 cm (9.5 in), diameter: 23.6 cm (9.3 in)
Ritual Bell with Crossed Band Design (袈裟襷文銅鐸, kesadasukimon dōtaku)[59]
Bronze ritual bell (Dōtaku) with tooth-, spiral- and herringbone-patterned bands in relief and six panels framed by broad lattice-patterned bands resembling a Buddhist monk's surplice. The panels are decorated with animal and human motifs. Height: 43.0 cm (16.9 in)
Suda Hachiman Shrine mirror (人物画象鏡, jinbutsuga zōkyō) or Mirror with design of human figures[32][61]
Bronze mirror with human figures and an inscription of 48 characters on the back: In the eighth month of a gui-wei year, in the reign of the great king ..., when his younger brother the prince was at the Osisaka Palace, Sima, wishing for longevity [of the king], caused two persons ..., to select 200 han of fine bronze and make this mirror., diameter: 19.8 cm (7.8 in)
Hexagonal schist stone column with reliefs of the Four Heavenly Kings and Nio guardians, made of six plank stones of 10 cm (3.9 in) thickness and a conical headstone, height: 166 cm (65 in), width: 42 cm (17 in)
Copper epitaph of Funashi Ōgo (銅製船氏王後墓誌, dōsei Funashi Ōgo no boshi)[66]
Copper epitaph of Funashi Ōgo (船氏王後) who died in 641 and was reburied with his wife in 668. The inscription of 162 characters tells on one side about his birthplace and career and on the opposite about his age at death and the burial details. This is the oldest extant Japanese epitaph. 29.7 cm × 6.8 cm (11.7 in × 2.7 in)
Objects from the Eta Funayama Kofun in Higo Province (肥後江田船山古墳出土品, Higo Eta Funayama kofun shutsudohin)[69]
Swords (one with an inscription inlaid in silver: Eta Funayama Sword), armor, weapons, a gilt-bronze headdress and a pair of gilt-bronze shoes, gold earrings, jewels and other ornaments, six bronze mirrors, horse trappings, and ceramic utensils excavated from a stone burial chamber
Objects from the grave of Fumi no Nemaro (文祢麻呂墓出土品, Fumi no Nemaro bo shutsudohin)[36][70]
Bronze epitaph plaque (26.2 cm (10.3 in) long) and box (4.8 cm (1.9 in) high), gilt bronze outer container (26.7 cm (10.5 in) high), funerary urn of green glass (17.8 cm (7.0 in) high)
Female figurine with large hips, elephant-like legs, small belly and breasts wearing a helmet or headdress; height: 27 cm (11 in), weight: 2.14 kg (4.7 lb)
Artifacts from the Kyōgamine sutra mounds at Mount Asama in Ise province (伊勢国朝熊山経ケ峯経塚出 土品, Ise no kuni Asama-yama Kyōgamine kyōzuka shutsudohin)[74]
Various articles including: two mirrors incised with the Amida triad, one mirror incised with Amitābhanyorai, remains of a bronze mirror, a bronze decanter, an earthenware canister, two bronze sutra cylinders, lotus sutra
Haniwa from the Takarazuka Kofun No. 1 (三重県宝塚一号墳出土埴輪, mie-ken takarazuka-ichi gōfun shutsudo haniwa)[75]
271 artifacts from the Takarazuka kofun including model houses surrounded by walls and a 140 cm (55 in) long and 94 cm (37 in) high ship in excellent condition.
Reliquary set from the Sūfuku-ji temple pagoda (崇福寺塔心礎納置品, Sūfukuji tō shinsonōchihin)[76][77]
Reliquary set consisting of a spherical vase (height: 3 cm (1.2 in), aperture: 1.7 cm (0.67 in)) with gold lid enshrining bones placed in a gold box (6 cm × 4.2 cm (2.4 in × 1.7 in)) surrounded by a silver box (7.9 cm × 5.8 cm (3.1 in × 2.3 in)) surrounded by a gilt bronze box (10.6 cm × 7.9 cm (4.2 in × 3.1 in)). Other items unearthed include 11 Mumon Ginsen (無文銀銭) silver coins (diameter ca. 3 cm (1.2 in)), three green glass beads (diameter 0.6–0.7 cm (0.24–0.28 in)), two amethyst beads (diameter 0.5 cm (0.20 in) and 0.7 cm (0.28 in)), 11 translucent green glass beads (diameter 0.2 cm (0.079 in)), gold leaf and grain, metal fixtures, a fragment of a bell, wood splinter
Relics from the Kurama-dera sutra mound (鞍馬寺経塚遺物, Kurama-dera kyōzuka ibutsu)[78][79]
More than 200 objects from a sutra mound among others: two-storied towers (宝塔, hōtō) of stone, iron and bronze, a decorative Buddhist banner-shaped bronze sutra container, sutra containers of bronze, gold and clay, three statues of noble characters, remains of a kakebotoke (懸仏), an image of Buddha, three mirrors, remains of a bronze mirror, a pestle, a bronze water jug, a porcelain box, two inkstones and copper coins
Bronze epitaph plate for Ono no Emishi (金銅小野毛人墓誌, kondō Ono no Emishi boshi)[nb 6][80][81]
Bronze epitaph of Ono no Emishi (58.9 cm × 5.8 cm × 0.4 cm) with an inscription on both sides. Ono no Emishi was the son of Ono no Imoko and government official under Emperor Temmu. He died in 677. This memorial tablet was made some time after his death.
Japan Kyoto Kyoto Kamitakanograve in Kamitakano (上高野), Sakyō-ku, Kyoto. Discovered in 1613, returned to the grave and taken out for safekeeping in 1914
Gilt bronze Fujiwara no Michinaga sutra container (金銅藤原道長経筒, kondō Fujiwara Michinaga kyōzutsu)[40][82]
Cylindrical gilt bronze sutra container of Fujiwara no Michinaga which he buried in a sutra mound during a pilgrimage on Mount Kinpu (now Sanjogatake in Tenkawa, Nara); Height: 36 cm (14 in), diameter at base: 16.1 cm (6.3 in), thickness: 0.3 cm (0.12 in))
Artifacts from the Kinpusen sutra mound (大和国金峯山経塚出土品, Yamato no kuni Kinpusen kyōzuka shutsudohin)[nb 7][82]
A gold- and silver-plated bronze sutra case with design of birds and hosoge flowers, two bronze sutra cases buried by Fujiwara no Michinaga in a sutra mound during a pilgrimage on Mount Kinpu
Artifacts from Sakuragaoka: Ritual bells with crossed bands design (袈裟襷文銅鐸, kesadasukimon dōtaku), Ritual bell (銅鐸, dōtaku), Ritual Bell with running water design (流水文銅鐸, ryūsuimon dōtaku), Bronze dagger-axes (銅戈, dōka)
Ten dōtaku with crossed band design, one other dōtaku, three dōtaku with running water design and seven bronze dagger-axes
Ritual objects used in consecration of the building site of the Golden Hall, Tōdai-ji (東大寺金堂鎭壇具, Tōdaiji kondō chindangu)
Small gilt silver bowl with a hunting motif, swords, armor, a mirror, a fragment of a lacquer box, a crystal box, crystal objects, amber beads, glass beads and 22 crystal beads
Artifacts from the Nara Fujinoki kofun (奈良県藤ノ木古墳出土品, Nara-ken Fujinoki kofun shutsudohin)[85]
Various articles from a 6th-century tomb generally of Chinese appearance including a gilt bronze saddle with elephant and phoenix motifs, four bronze mirrors, earthen ware and Sue ware, metal objects and glass articles
Artifacts from the Shitori sutra mound (伯耆一宮経塚出土品, Hōki no ichinomiya kyōzuka shutsudohin)
Various items from a sutra mound including a statue of KannonBodhisattva, a statue of the thousand-armed Goddess of Mercy (千手観音), a copper sheet with an engraving of Maitreya Bodhisattva, two bronze mirrors, a bronze sutra container, fragments of a hiōgi (檜扇) folding fans, remains of short swords and knives, glass beads, two copper coins and remains of lacquer ware
Bronze implements from the Kojindani site (島根県荒神谷遺跡出土品, Shimane-ken Kōjindani iseki shutsudohin)[90][91]
358 bronze swords (more than the number of excavated swords in all of the rest of Japan), 16 bronze hoko (銅矛) (spears), six dōtaku ritual bells; length of swords: 50–53 cm (20–21 in)
Artifacts from the Narabara sutra mound (伊予国奈良原山経塚出土品, Iyo no kuni Narabara-san kyōzuka shutsudohin)[32]
Artifacts from the Narabara sutra mound including a bronze sutra container of pagoda shape (height: 71.5 cm (28.1 in), diameter of body: 17.3 cm (6.8 in)), a bronze sutra container, five bronze mirrors, two hiōgi (檜扇) folding fans, two porcelain boxes, a bronze hairpin, small knives, five bronze bells, an iron bell, a temple gong, copper coins, remains of a jar and an earthenware soup bowl
Artifacts from the Miyajidake Kofun (宮地嶽古墳出土品, Miyajidake kofun shutsudohin)[nb 9][64]
Various articles from a 6th-century kofun including horse ornaments, a crown, remains of two long swords, bronze mirrors, a gold ring, bronze chains, bronze bowls
Gold seal of the King of the Na state of the Wa (vassal) of Han Dynasty (漢委奴國王, Kan no Wa no Na no Kokuō); 2.35 cm (0.93 in) square, height: 2.25 cm (0.89 in), weight: 109 g (3.8 oz); said to be the seal granted by Emperor Guangwu of Han in 57 AD as mentioned in the Book of the Later Han
33 copper plates (21.2 cm × 18.2 cm × 0.3 cm) with engraved sūtras and cast bronze container (height: 22.5 cm, 21.4 cm × 18.3 cm at base) engraved with Buddha statues on all four sides, plated with gold at the four corners
1142Heian period, September 24, 1142 (plates) and October 21, 1142 (box) according to inscriptions
Artifacts from the Okitsumiya ritual site of Munakata-taisha (福岡県宗像大社沖津宮祭祀遺 跡出土品, Fukuoka-ken Munakata-taisha Okitsumiya saishi iseki shutsudohin) and (伝福岡県宗像大社沖津宮祭 祀遺跡出土品)[74][93][94]
Huge number of artifacts including a golden loom (金銅高機, kin-sei takabata), a harness pendant in the shape of a heart leaf, mirrors, bracelets, beads, Haji ware pot, Sue ware vessel stand, a bronze incense burner, magatama, a gold ring, a gilt-bronze miniature of five-stringed zither, a gilt-bronze miniature floor loom, etc.
Artifacts from the Hirabaru square-shaped moated burial precinct (福岡県平原方形周溝墓出土品, Fukuoka-ken Hirabaru hōkei shūkōbo shutsudohin)[nb 11][95][96]
40 bronze mirrors, an iron sword with a ring pommel and many beads of various type. Among the bronze mirrors are the largest specimen of their kind with a diameter of 46.5 cm (18.3 in)
^Only the oldest period is counted if a National Treasure belongs to more than one period.
^Attached to the nomination are one gilt bronze bit panel, gilt bronze strap buckles with floral design, a sword sheath of deer horn, remains of a harness, of iron arrowheads, of armour, etc together with the documents related to the excavation.
^Attached to the nomination are remains of a bowl or pot.
^Attached to the nomination is one earthenware, one stone implement and one iron oxide clod.
^Attached to the nomination are eight items of earthenware.
^Attached to the nomination are one copper box with an inscription from November 1673 and a document related to the excavation.
^Fragments of the lotus and Samantabhadrasutra on dark blue paper with gilt letters (seven and two pages) and two sutra shafts are attached to the nomination.
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