This list of Narcissus species shows the accepted species names within the genusNarcissus (/nɑːrˈsɪsəs/), which are predominantly spring perennial plants in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common names including daffodil, narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus. The list of species is arranged by subgenus and section. Estimates of the number of species in Narcissus have varied widely, from anywhere between 16 and nearly 160,[2][3][4] even in the modern era. Carl Linnaeus originally included six species in 1753.
Much of the variation lies in the definition of species, and whether closely related taxa are considered separate species or subspecies. Thus, a very wide view of each species, such as Webb's[5] results in few species, while a very narrow view such as that of Fernandes[6] results in a larger number.[7] Another factor is the status of hybrids, given natural hybridisation. There is a distinction between what are referred to as 'ancient hybrids' which are found occurring over a relatively large area, and 'recent hybrids' with a more restricted range and found growing as solitary plants amongst their parents. The former are more often considered as separate species.[4]
Fernandes (1951) accepted 22 species,[8] on which were based the 27 species listed by Webb in the 1980 Flora Europaea.[5] By 1968, Fernandes had accepted 63 species,[6] and by 1990 Blanchard listed 65 species,[3] and Erhardt 66 in 1993.[9] In 2006 the International Daffodil Register listed 87 species. In contrast, the genetic study by Zonneveld (2008) resulted in only 36 species (for list and comparison with Webb, see Zonneveld Table 4).[4]
As of September 2014[update], the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 52 species, along with at least 60 hybrids.[10] Another important source is the Royal Horticultural Society's Botanical Classification[11] and list of botanical names (October 2014)[12] which is the basis of their International Daffodil Register.[13] This is a searchable list[14] and had 81 accepted names in its October 2014 release.[12]
Sections (with type species) shown are according to Zonneveld (2008).[4] In addition Mathew (2002) further divides the sections into subsections.[7]
Apodanthi (N. calcicola)
Bulbocodium (N. bulbocodium)
Ganymedes (N. triandrus)
Jonquillae (N. jonquilla)
Juncifolii (N. assoanus)
Narcissus (N. poeticus)
Nevadensis (N. nevadensis)
Pseudonarcissus (N. pseudonarcissus)
Tapeinanthus (N. cavanillesii)
Serotini (N. serotinus)
Tazettae (N. tazetta)
For a list of species by Section according to the Royal Horticultural Society, see the RHS Botanical Classification (updated September 2013), which is the basis of their International Daffodil Register.[16]
Name
Authority
Common name
Image
Distribution
Subgenus Hermione (Haw.) Spach. Type species: N. tazetta
Section Aurelia (Gay) Baker Narcissus broussonetii (incorporated into Tazettae, 2008[4])
^Not currently accepted by The Plant List, which lists it as a synonym of N. cernuus Salisb., which is listed by Mathews as a variety of N. triandrus.
^N. lusitanicus and N. pallidulus originally considered subspecies or varieties of N. triandrus. However both Zonnefeld (2008), together with Dorda and Fernandez Casas (1989) and Perez-Barrales et al. (2006) find sufficient evidence to consider these to be separate species
^N. assoanus Dufour ex Schult. & Schult.f. and N. gaditanus Boiss. & Reut. were previously included in Jonquilla but were moved to Juncifolii in 2008 when this was split off (Zonneveld 2008)
^N. flavus is the accepted name according to The Plant List, but Zonneveld, who described the taxon, disputes this. (Akers 2011)
^Fernandes considered this a subsection of Jonquilla
^Although Aedo in the Flora Iberica considered these to all be Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern., (Aedo 2014) Medrano et al. criticised this approach for ignoring phylogenetic evidence to the contrary, and their data support the differentiation into these three species. (Medrano 2014)
^While the World Checklist considers this to be a synonym of N. longispathus, Zonneveld treated it as a separate species on the basis of DNA content
^The taxonomy and speciation of Section Pseudonarcissus, the largest section, has proved particularly problematic, even after splitting it into two. Zonneveld subdivided the section into two sections Pseudonarcissus (France, northern Spain and Portugal) and Nevadensis (southern Spain). Opinions as to the number of species varies considerably, from considering the section as a single variable species to a section with a very large number of species. Zonneveld accepted eight, with those taxa having similar amounts of DNA considered as either synonyms or subspecies. He accepted eight subspecies.(Zonneveld 2008) Mathew considered there to be two groups, which he labelled A (small flowers up to 3.5 cm in diameter) and B (large flowers, 5–12 cm in diameter).(Mathew 2002)
^Accepted as species by World Checklist, but see Zonnefeld
Aedo, C (2014). "Narcissus L."(PDF). In Talavera, S; Andrés, C; Arista, M; Fernández Piedra, MP; Rico, E; Crespo, MB; Quintanar, A; Herrero, A; Aedo, C (eds.). Flora Iberica. Vol 20 (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2011). "Narcissorum Notulae, XXXI"(PDF). Fontqueria (in Spanish). 56 (26): 239–248. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
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