Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Also Mayor of Nauvoo, Illinois (1842–1844). Commonly believed to have married at least 30 wives before his death[6] and to have taught the doctrine to his close associates, although he publicly denied teaching or practicing polygamy.[7][8][9]
Assistant President of the Church, called by Joseph Smith, January 24, 1841 (1841-01-24) – June 27, 1844 (1844-06-27) Latter Day SaintApostle, called by Joseph Smith, January 24, 1841 (1841-01-24) – June 27, 1844 (1844-06-27) 2ndPresiding Patriarch, called by Joseph Smith, September 14, 1840 (1840-09-14) – June 27, 1844 (1844-06-27) Second Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Joseph Smith, November 7, 1837 (1837-11-07) – January 24, 1841 (1841-01-24) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Joseph Smith, September 3, 1837 (1837-09-03) – November 7, 1837 (1837-11-07)
Succeeded Smith as leader of the LDS Church. Was also Governor of Utah Territory from February 3, 1851, to April 12, 1858. Is probably the most famous Latter Day Saint polygamist with 55 wives.
Richards was incarcerated in Carthage Jail with Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith and John Taylor on June 27, 1844, when the jail was attacked by a mob and the Smith brothers were murdered.
Brother of Joseph Smith. Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4, 1839, but readmitted May 25, 1839. Was then excommunicated for apostasy on October 6, 1845. Followed James J. Strang for a time, then started his own LDS Church in Covington, Kentucky. In later years he joined the RLDS Church (now Community of Christ) and was a petitioner for RLDS Patriarchate from April 1872 to 13 November 1893. Introduced polygamy to the Strangite Mormons. His Church in Covington, Kentucky, which also disintegrated after he introduced spiritual wifery into it. He always denied he and his brother Joseph had ever practiced or taught spiritual wifery or any other form of polygamy
Younger brother of Parley P. Pratt. Was excommunicated for apostasy Aug 20, 1842, but readmitted Jan 20, 1843. As a result, was given reduced seniority in Jun 1875. Last surviving member of the original Quorum. Under the direction of Brigham Young, he published The Seer. The Seer was a periodical published to defend the LDS Church's practice of polygamy. Despite William Clayton claiming in his journal, first published in 1921, that she had been told of the revelation on polygamy on July 12, 1843,[17][unreliable source?]Emma Smith, Joseph Smith's widow, claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of polygamy being attributed to her late husband was 10 years later when she read about it in Pratt's The Seer in 1853.[18]
Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4, 1839, but readmitted June 27, 1839. As a result, was given reduced seniority on April 10, 1875. His wife Marinda married Joseph Smith in a polyandrous marriage while Hyde was on a mission to Jerusalem.
In 1857, on a farm northeast of Van Buren, Arkansas, Pratt was murdered by Hector McLean, the legal husband of one of Pratt's plural wives.[19] Pratt is buried near Alma, Arkansas.
Was temporarily removed from the Quorum of the Twelve due to the re-entry of Orson Pratt on January 20, 1843; Lyman was later readmitted on August 12, 1844. Lyman was excommunicated for apostasy on May 6, 1867.
Grant succeeded Joseph F. Smith as president of the LDS Church in November 1918. However, he was not sustained in the position by the general church membership until June 1919, as the influenza pandemic of 1918 forced a delay of the church's traditional springtime general conference. In 1899, Grant pleaded guilty to unlawful cohabitation and was fined $100.[22] During his tenure as president, Grant enforced the 1890 Manifesto outlawing plural marriage. In 1935, Grant excommunicated members of the church in Short Creek, Arizona, that refused to sign the loyalty pledge to the church that included a renunciation of plural marriage.
6th President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, October 17, 1901 (1901-10-17) – November 19, 1918 (1918-11-19) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, October 10, 1901 (1901-10-10) – October 17, 1901 (1901-10-17) First Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Lorenzo Snow, October 6, 1901 (1901-10-06) – October 10, 1901 (1901-10-10) Second Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Wilford Woodruff, April 7, 1889 (1889-04-07) – October 6, 1901 (1901-10-06) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, July 25, 1887 (1887-07-25) – April 7, 1889 (1889-04-07) Second Counselor in the First Presidency, called by John Taylor, October 10, 1880 (1880-10-10) – July 25, 1887 (1887-07-25) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) – October 10, 1880 (1880-10-10) Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, July 1, 1866 (1866-07-01) – August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) LDS ChurchApostle, called by Brigham Young, July 1, 1866 (1866-07-01) – November 19, 1918 (1918-11-19T1838)
5th President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, September 13, 1898 (1898-09-13) – October 10, 1901 (1901-10-10) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, April 7, 1889 (1889-04-07) – September 13, 1898 (1898-09-13) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) – September 13, 1898 (1898-09-13) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) – August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) – May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Brigham Young, February 12, 1849 (1849-02-12) – June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) LDS ChurchApostle, called by Brigham Young, February 12, 1849 (1849-02-12) – October 10, 1901 (1901-10-10)
Date entered polygamy:
1845
Eventual No. of wives:
11
Notes:
Brother-in-law of both Joseph Smith and Brigham Young through Eliza R. Snow. Convicted of unlawful cohabitation in 1885 and was imprisoned in 1885 and 1886. Was one of the few Latter-day Saint leaders who ceased cohabiting with his already existing plural wives after the 1890 Manifesto
Succeeded Smith as leader of the LDS Church. Was also Governor of Utah Territory from February 3, 1851, to April 12, 1858. Is probably the most famous Latter Day Saint polygamist with 55 wives.
First Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Lorenzo Snow, September 13, 1898 (1898-09-13) – April 12, 1901 (1901-04-12) First Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Wilford Woodruff, April 7, 1889 (1889-04-07) – September 2, 1898 (1898-09-02) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, July 25, 1887 (1887-07-25) – April 7, 1889 (1889-04-07) First Counselor in the First Presidency, called by John Taylor, October 10, 1880 (1880-10-10) – July 25, 1887 (1887-07-25) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) – October 10, 1880 (1880-10-10) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) – August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) – May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Brigham Young, August 26, 1860 (1860-08-26) – June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) LDS ChurchApostle, called by Brigham Young, August 26, 1860 (1860-08-26) – April 12, 1901 (1901-04-12)
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) – November 7, 1885 (1885-11-07) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) – August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) – May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Brigham Young, July 3, 1870 (1870-07-03) – June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) LDS ChurchApostle, called by Brigham Young, July 3, 1870 (1870-07-03) – November 7, 1885 (1885-11-07)
Date entered polygamy:
c. 1842
Eventual No. of wives:
2
Notes:
Also served as an official Church Historian (1871–1874), as a member of the Council of Fifty and in the Utah Territorial Legislature (1869). Was excommunicated for adultery November 7, 1885, and later rebaptized on November 1, 1887; however, he was not reinstated as an apostle or as a general authority.
Clawson served in the Quorum of the Twelve for 45 years. The town of Clawson, Utah, is named after him. Clawson was the first person convicted of unlawful cohabitation under the Edmunds Act.[23] He was sentenced to 3½ years imprisonment and fined $1,500.[23]
The town of Cowley, Wyoming, is named after him. Cowley resigned from the Quorum October 28, 1905. He remained an ordained apostle of the church until his priesthood was suspended in on May 11, 1911, and later restored on April 3, 1936. Reports of Cowley's continuing involvement in new plural marriages led to his priesthood being suspended, and he continued to be linked with plural marriage over the next several years.
He was known for his fiery speeches during the Reformation of 1856, earning the nickname, "Brigham's Sledgehammer". He was a member of the Council of Fifty and Mayor of Salt Lake City (1851–56). He is the father of Heber J. Grant, who later served as President of the Church.
Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4, 1839, but readmitted June 27, 1839. As a result, was given reduced seniority on April 10, 1875. His wife Marinda married Joseph Smith in a polyandrous marriage while Hyde was on a mission to Jerusalem.
Was temporarily removed from the Quorum of the Twelve due to the re-entry of Orson Pratt on January 20, 1843; Lyman was later readmitted on August 12, 1844. Lyman was excommunicated for apostasy on May 6, 1867.
Son of Francis M. Lyman and grandson of Amasa M. Lyman. In 1925, Lyman had begun what he called a polygamous relationship without the knowledge of his first wife. Lyman was excommunicated on November 12, 1943. The Quorum of the Twelve provided the newspapers with a one-sentence announcement, stating that the ground for excommunication was violation of the law of chastity.
Merrill was also the Postmaster of Richmond in 1866, a County Selectman from 1872 to 1879 and a member of the territorial legislature for two terms.[26] Merrill married his eighth wife after the 1890 Manifesto announced the discontinuation of polygamy. He is alleged also to have advocated and performed post-Manifesto plural marriages.[27][28] Merrill was summoned twice as a witness before the Smoot investigation before the United States Congress, but declined citing poor health.
Nibley was also the fifth presiding bishop of the LDS Church between 1907 and 1925. He is one of the few individuals to serve in the First Presidency without having been ordained to the priesthood office of apostle.
Younger brother of Parley P. Pratt. Was excommunicated for apostasy Aug 20, 1842, but readmitted Jan 20, 1843. As a result, was given reduced seniority in Jun 1875. Last surviving member of the original Quorum. Under the direction of Brigham Young, he published The Seer. The Seer was a periodical published to defend the LDS Church's practice of polygamy. Despite William Clayton claiming in his journal, first published in 1921, that she had been told of the revelation on polygamy on July 12, 1843,[17][unreliable source?]Emma Smith, Joseph Smith's widow, claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of polygamy being attributed to her late husband was 10 years later when she read about it in Pratt's The Seer in 1853.[18]
In 1857, on a farm northeast of Van Buren, Arkansas, Pratt was murdered by Hector McLean, the legal husband of one of Pratt's plural wives.[19] Pratt is buried near Alma, Arkansas.
Richards was incarcerated in Carthage Jail with Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith and John Taylor on June 27, 1844, when the jail was attacked by a mob and the Smith brothers were murdered.
Cousin of Joseph Smith. During The Utah War, Smith visited southern Utah communities, after learning of the imminent arrival of U.S. troops into Utah Territory. Scholars have asserted that Smith's tour, speeches, and personal actions may have contributed to the fear and tension in these communities, which led to the Mountain Meadows massacre. George A. Smith's grandson, George Albert Smith, later became president of the church in 1945.
Son of George A. Smith. After being elected a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature in 1882, he played an important role in the process whereby Utah made the transition from a territory to a state of the United States.
Son of John Taylor. Resigned from the Quorum in October 1905 and was excommunicated in 1911. Due to his staunch belief in the doctrine of plural marriage, Taylor continued to privately marry additional wives even after the church officially forbade the practice with the 1890 Manifesto. When discovered, Taylor resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve.
Counselor to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by John Taylor, October 6, 1877 (1877-10-06) – March 24, 1891 (1891-03-24) Second Counselor in First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, January 4, 1857 (1857-01-04) – August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) LDS ChurchApostle, called by Brigham Young, January 4, 1857 (1857-01-04) – March 24, 1891 (1891-03-24)
Date entered polygamy:
February 15, 1849
Eventual No. of wives:
7
Notes:
Wells was a member of the Council of Fifty, Mayor of Salt Lake City (1866–76), president of the Manti Utah Temple (1888–91), and presided over the continuing construction of the Salt Lake Temple as the superintendent of public works for the LDS Church (1848–63). On April 6, 1877, Wells dedicated the St. George Utah Temple.
Winder was a figure in politics and the militia in the territory. He led the Nauvoo Legion to stop the advance of Johnston's Army in the Utah War of 1857. In the Black Hawk War (Utah), he fought as Adjutant General. Having never been a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles prior to his call to the First Presidency, a rarity, there has been some dispute as to whether or not Winder was ordained an Apostle at the time of his appointment as first counselor. The LDS Church has no record of Winder being ordained to the office of Apostle.
Son of Wilford Woodruff. He was ordained an apostle at the young age of 23, but served less than 8 years due to his death of smallpox. Married his second wife ten years after his father had issued the 1890 Manifesto.
President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, October 17, 1901 (1901-10-17) – April 11, 1903 (1903-04-11) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) – April 11, 1903 (1903-04-11) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) – August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) – May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Brigham Young, October 9, 1868 (1868-10-09) – June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) LDS ChurchApostle, called by Brigham Young, February 4, 1864 (1864-02-04) – April 11, 1903 (1903-04-11)
Date entered polygamy:
March 15, 1857
Eventual No. of wives:
6
Notes:
Son of Brigham Young. Was ordained an apostle in 1864, but did not become member of the Quorum until 1868. Also served several terms in the Utah Territorial Legislature.[30]
Counselor to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by John Taylor, October 6, 1877 (1877-10-06) – October 3, 1891 (1891-10-03) First Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, October 8, 1876 (1876-10-08) – August 29, 1877 (1877-08-29) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) – October 8, 1876 (1876-10-08) Counselor in the First Presidency, called by Brigham Young, June 8, 1873 (1873-06-08) – May 9, 1874 (1874-05-09) LDS ChurchApostle, called by Brigham Young, November 22, 1855 (1855-11-22) – February 12, 1924 (1924-02-12)
Date entered polygamy:
c. 1844
Eventual No. of wives:
6
Notes:
Served as member of the Council of Fifty. In 1888, Joseph F. Smith accused Young of unethically using church funds to maintain a lavish lifestyle.[31] By April 1889, the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were discussing Young's release. In response, Young resigned from his position on October 3, 1891.[31] For another 33 years, Young remained a church apostle, but never again served as a general authority.
Member of the presiding bishopric from 1874 until his death. He was also one of the principal officers in the Nauvoo Legion during its Utah reconstitution (including the Utah War)[32] and led the territorial militia against the Morrisites during the 1862 Morrisite War.
A Mormon pioneer and a general authority in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from 1835 to 1837, Coltrin was one of the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy and served in later years as a patriarch in the church, from 1873 until his death. Before he undertook the Mormon practice of polygamy, Zebedee Coltrin's first marriage (1828) to Julia Ann Jennings (1812-1841) was a happy one, but as with the five children Julia ultimately bore him, she also died — at Kirtland, Ohio, at only 29 years of age. Zebedee's second wife, Mary Mott (1820-1886), gave birth to ten more children. She and Zebedee were married 'for time' in 1843, and later, on 20 January 1846, 'sealed for eternity,' in the Nauvoo Temple by Brigham Young — after which, ApostleParley P. Pratt conferred upon them additional endowment blessings; Mary also stood as proxy that day in the sealing of first wife Julia to their husband. Coltrin married Hannah Husted (1797-1862) and Sarah Oyler (1800-1886) at Nauvoo in 1846, and also Lavinia Elizabeth Fullmer (1838-1907) in 1857 and one Marriet Chaddock in 1874 at Salt Lake City. Finally, noting that none of these additional wives bore him children, it is known that Coltrin found a seventh wife in one Amanda Norwood.
Served as member of the Council of Fifty. Served as member of the Council of Fifty. Disfellowshipped from the church on 3 December 1848 due to his opposition of Brigham Young's leadership, however, he was never formally excommunicated.
Morley was one of the first converts to Smith's Church of Christ. Morley was present at many of the early events of the Latter Day Saint movement, and served as a church leader in Ohio, Missouri, and Utah Territory. Served as a member of the Council of Fifty.
A native Massachusettsfarmer, harnessmaker, and land speculator by trade, Pond was a Mormon Pioneer and church leader recognized for the great personal sacrifices he made in the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois, to Great Salt Lake Valley (Sept 1846 – Sept 1847), in what would later become Utah Territory. Along the Mormon Trail, Stillman lost to disease and death not only his second wife at Winter Quarters, Nebraska, but also — almost incomprehensibly and in utterly devastating circumstances — 8 children from both his first and second marriages (including 18-year-old Abigail, a plural bride of Presiding BishopNewell K. Whitney). Having earlier lost also his first wife to a New EnglandYellow Fever epidemic in 1833 (the 33-year-old mother having borne him 5 children), he went on to enter into three additional unions in Utah Territory from 1852 to 1870. Although Stillman suffered divorce from his fourth wife in 1855, all five women bore him children, making him grand-patriarch to a sea of descendants scattered throughout the intermountain West and beyond: Almyra Whittemore (1800-1833), Maria Louisa Davis (1812-1847), Abigail Thorn (1821–1904), Elizabeth Joan Bessac (1813-1875), and Anna Regina Swenson (1837-1909). Stillman Pond was called and set apart by Brigham Young as Senior President of the 35th Quorum of Seventy, in which capacity he served for 25 years until his death (1853-1878).
Was denied a seat as a member of United States Congress because of his practice of plural marriage. Convicted of unlawful cohabitation in 1899 and imprisoned for six months
Younger brother of Joseph Smith, Sr. and uncle of Joseph Smith. Served as a member of the Council of Fifty, as a counselor in the First Presidency(1837–1844), and as the 4thPresiding Patriarch of the LDS Church (1849–1854). Practiced plural marriage and fathered four children.
First Council of the Seventy, October 7, 1894-January 27, 1897
Date entered polygamy:
October 28, 1855
Eventual No. of wives:
7
Notes:
He is also notable for writing a memoir of Joseph Smith in 1893, which ended up being the earliest surviving documentary source supporting the story of Joseph Smith having taught prior to 1836 that he had seen God and Jesus Christ as two separate beings in his First Vision.
Belnap was a Mormon pioneer, early bishop, missionary, Weber County sheriff, and colonizer. He married first cousins; his first wife was the daughter of Martha McBride Knight, one of Joseph Smith's plural wives. He was issued a recommend in 1857 to take a third wife which was never used.
Bernhisel was elected as Utah Territory's first delegate to Congress in 1851. Bernhisel married 7 women between 1845 and 1850, however, all but one had deserted him by 1851.
Bowen Call (known by all of his associates as 'Bowen' to distinguish him from his father Anson Call) was a Mormon colonizer in Colonia Dublán, Mexico, where he served for more than 40 years as a bishop and patriarch (ordained by PresidentGeorge Albert Smith). Bowen married 4 women between 1885 and 1903, losing all but his first to early death. All bore him children. Bowen was a school teacher in both Utah and Wyoming before migrating to Mexico in 1890 — under prophetic direction, in order to legally enter into the practice of U.S.-banned polygamy — with his first wife and children. Bowen's plural wives included Mary Theresa Thompson (1868-1957), Harriet Cazier (1870-1894), Dora Pratt (1878-1904), and Julia Sarah Abegg (1885-1937). Among the last of the Latter Day Saints to practice plural marriage with the Church's 'blessing' — that is, to enter into a Wilford Woodruff-condoned post-Manifesto polygamous union outside the boundaries of the United States — Bowen Call's descendants now number in the thousands, approximating today 3,500.
Hanks was a prominent member of the 19th-century Latter Day Saint movement, a Mormon pioneer and a leader in the early settlement of Utah. Hanks played a role in the rescue of the Martin handcart company, although he wasn't present during the famous Sweetwater crossing.[34] Hanks also led a militia company in scouting expeditions during the Utah War in 1857 and 1858.
Leader of the Apostolic United Brethren. On May 10, 1977, Allred was shot and killed by two women in his office in Murray, Utah. One of the women was later identified as Rena Chynoweth, one of Ervil LeBaron's wives. Although acquitted of the charges, Chynoweth later confessed to the crime in her memoir, The Blood Covenant.
In 1927, Broadbent published a pamphlet Celestial Marriage advocating the practice of plural marriage. This was one of the first Mormon fundamentalist tracts and was a factor in his subsequent excommunication by the LDS Church in July 1929.
Green and his lifestyle were the subject of the British-made documentary One Man, Six Wives and Twenty-Nine Children. He and his wives have appeared on various television programmes and have a higher level of media exposure than many other contemporary polygamists.
Rulon Jeffs was a leader of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. It was reported that at the time of Jeffs' death at age 92 that he may have had as many as 75 wives and 65 children;[40] however, conflicting sources indicate that Jeffs may have been survived by 19 or 20 wives and "about 60 children," including 33 sons.[41]
Current leader of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. On September 25, 2007, Jeffs was found guilty of two counts of rape as an accomplice and was sentenced to imprisonment for 10 years to life.[44] However, on July 27, 2010, his conviction was reversed by Utah's Supreme Court because of incorrect jury instructions.[45] Subsequently on August 9, 2011, Jeffs was tried on two other counts of sexual assault of a child, convicted and sentenced to life in prison plus 20 years.[46]
Leader of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Johnson became acquainted with fundamentalist ideas in 1928 after his brother Price introduced him to John Woolley in Centerville, Utah.
Founder of the Church of the Lamb of God and using the religious doctrine of blood atonement as justification, ordered the killings of many of his opponents, including Rulon C. Allred. In 1980, he was sentenced to prison for orchestrating the murder of an opponent, and died in prison.
In 1955, Joel LeBaron and two of his brothers established the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times in Salt Lake City, Utah, with Joel as President of the Church. In 1967, Joel's brother, Ervil LeBaron, was removed from leadership in the church when he began to preach that he, and not Joel, was the proper leader of the church. Then on 20 August 1972 Daniel Jordan, one of Ervil's followers, shot and killed Joel.
Senior Member of the Priesthood Council, before 1935 – December 13, 1928 (1928-12-13Tdd)
Date entered polygamy:
March 20, 1851
Eventual No. of wives:
3
Notes:
Woolley was sealed to only one woman during his lifetime, and experienced plural marriage for only six years between 1886 and 1892. However, Woolley is known as the father of Mormon fundamentalism and amongst most fundamentalists is considered an apostle, prophet, and president of the priesthood.
Senior Member of the Priesthood Council, December 13, 1928 (1928-12-13) – September 19, 1934 (1934-09-19)
Date entered polygamy:
by 1915
Eventual No. of wives:
at least 4
Notes:
In 1912, Woolley gave the first written account of the background to the 1886 Revelation and of a subsequent meeting in which Taylor stated that plural marriage must and would continue. It is estimated that up to ninety percent of polygamists across the Wasatch Front today trace their sealing authority through this priesthood line.[53]
Mitchell married three times legally, two of the marriages ending in divorce. Elizabeth Smart was kidnapped and forcibly "married" to him, while he was legally married to his third wife Wanda Barzee.
Originally, Strang was strenuously opposed to the practice of polygamy;[54] however, in 1849, Strang reversed course and become one of its strongest advocates. Since many of his early disciples had looked to him as a monogamous counterweight to Brigham Young's polygamous version of Mormonism, Strang's decision to embrace plural marriage proved costly to him and his church.
^The Latter-Day Saints' Millennial Star 4 [January 1844]: 144
^Church of Christ was the official name on April 6, 1830: Shields, Steven (1990), Divergent Paths of the Restoration (Fourth ed.), Independence, Missouri: Restoration Research, ISBN0942284003. In 1834, the official name was changed to Church of the Latter Day Saints and then in 1838 to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints: "Minutes of a Conference", Evening and Morning Star, vol. 2, no. 20, p. 160. The spelling "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" was adopted by the LDS Church in Utah in 1851, after Joseph Smith's death in 1844, and is today specified in Doctrine and Covenants115:4 (LDS Church edition).
^Lund, Anthon H. (1917), "Remarks § Church Historians", Eighty-eighth Semi-annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Report of the Discourses, pp. 10–12
^Cowley resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 28, 1905; however, he remained an ordained apostle of the church until his priesthood was suspended in 1911.
^Merrill, Melvin Clarence (1937), Utah Pioneer and Apostle: Marriner Wood Merrill and His Family, pp. 62–66
^Alexander, Thomas G. (1986), Mormonism in Transition, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, p. 12
^Flake, Kathleen (2004), The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, p. 71
^Taylor resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in April 1905; however, he remained an ordained apostle of the church until his excommunication in 1911.
^Brandon Burt, "Utah's Gay Mayor"Archived 2010-12-13 at the Wayback Machine, Salt Lake Metro : article contains background information on Joseph, his adoption of Libertarianism, and the founding of Big Water, Utah
^D. Michael Quinn, "Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism," in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, Education, and the Family, Vol. 2 of the Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 244.
^(August 12, 1847). Voree Herald as quoted in Fitzpatrick, pp. 74–5. See also Apostle John E. Page at this same source, on his conversations with Strang on the subject.
References
Brian C. Hales (2006). Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists : The Generations after the Manifesto (Salt Lake City, Utah: Greg Kofford Books)
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