List of Jewish ghettos in Europe during World War II
List of ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe
During World War II the Nazis created Jewish ghettos for the purpose of isolating, exploiting and finally eradicating Jewish population (and sometimes Romani people ) on territories they controlled. Most of the ghettos were set up by the Third Reich in the course of World War II. In total, according to United States Holocaust Memorial Museum archives, "The Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone." Therefore, the examples are intended only to illustrate their scope across Eastern and Western Europe .[ 2]
In Europe
Large Nazi ghettos in which Jews were confined existed across the continent. These ghettos were liquidated as Holocaust transports delivered their helpless victims to concentration and extermination camps built by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland .[ 1]
German-occupied Poland
Following the 1939 Invasion of Poland , the new ghetto system had been imposed by Nazi Germany roughly between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine Poland 's Jewish population of 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation.[ 3] Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 3.4 square kilometres (1+ 3 ⁄8 square miles), or 7.2 persons per room.[ 4] Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 inmates.[ 5]
A more complete list of over 270 ghettos with an approximate number of prisoners, dates of creation and liquidation, as well as known deportation routes to extermination camps , is available at Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland . Below, selected Nazi German designations are listed.
Baranowicz Ghetto , today BelarusBędzin Ghetto , site of Będzin Ghetto Uprising Białystok Ghetto , site of Białystok Ghetto uprising Borshchiv Ghetto , today UkraineBrześć (Brest-Litovsk) Ghetto , today BelarusBuczacz Ghetto, today UkraineBrody Ghetto, today UkraineCzęstochowa Ghetto , site of Częstochowa Ghetto uprising Czortków Ghetto, today UkraineDrohobycz Ghetto , today UkraineGrodno Ghetto , today BelarusIzbica Ghetto Kielce Ghetto Kolomyja Ghetto, today UkraineKostopol Ghetto, today UkraineKraków (Krakau) Ghetto Łachwa Ghetto , site of Łachwa Ghetto uprising , today BelarusLida Ghetto, today BelarusŁódź (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto Łomża Ghetto Lubartów Ghetto Lublin Ghetto Łuck Ghetto , site of Łuck Ghetto uprising and massacre, today UkraineLwów (Lemberg) Ghetto , site of Lviv pogroms , today UkraineMarcinkance (Marcinkonys) Ghetto , today LithuaniaMiędzyrzec Podlaski (Mezritsh) Ghetto Mińsk Mazowiecki (Novominsk) Ghetto Mizocz Ghetto , today UkraineNowogródek (Navahrudak) Ghetto , today BelarusNowy Sącz Ghetto (20 Jews assigned to one room)Olyka GhettoOpatów Ghetto in Opatów Pińsk (Pinsk) Ghetto , today BelarusPiotrków Trybunalski (Petrikau) Ghetto Przemyśl GhettoRadom Ghetto Rakaŭ Ghetto , today BelarusRówne Ghetto , today UkraineSambor Ghetto , see rescue by Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary , today UkraineSiedlce Ghetto , see the November 1942 massacre at Gęsi BorekSłonim Ghetto , site of Słonim Ghetto uprising , today BelarusSosnowiec (Sosnowitz) Ghetto , site of Sosnowiec Ghetto uprising Stanisławów (Stanislau) Ghetto , site of Bloody Sunday massacre , today UkraineStryj Ghetto, today UkraineTarnopol Ghetto with satellite labour camps, today UkraineTarnów GhettoTrochenbrod (Zofiówka) Ghetto , today UkraineVilna (Wilno, Vilnius) Ghetto , site of Ponary massacre , today LithuaniaWarsaw (Warschau) Ghetto , site of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Zdzięcioł (Djatlowo) Ghetto , site of Dzyatlava massacre
Other countries and occupied territories
Annopol Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Bobruisk Ghetto , Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Belarus)Baia Mare Ghetto , Hungary (now Romania)Borisov Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Belarus)Berdichev Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Berezdov Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Bershad (Berșad) Ghetto, Romania (now Ukraine)Bytom (Beuthen) Ghetto , pre-war Germany (now Poland)Bistrița Ghetto , Hungary (now Romania)Bobrynets Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Budapest Ghetto , HungaryCehei Ghetto , Hungary (now Romania)Cherkasy Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Chernihiv Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Ukraine)Chernivtsi (Cernăuți) Ghetto, Romania (now Ukraine)Chișinău Ghetto, Romania (now Moldova)Cluj (Kolozsvár) Ghetto , Hungary (now Romania)Daugavpils (Dvinsk) Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Latvia)Debrecen Ghetto, HungaryDej Ghetto , Hungary (now Romania)Donetsk Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Ukraine)Feodosia Ghetto, Crimean General Government (now Russia)Gomel Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Belarus)Gorodok Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Belarus)Kaluga Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Kaposvár Ghetto, HungaryKarlovac Ghetto, CroatiaKovno (Kaunas) Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Lithuania)Kharkiv Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Ukraine)Kherson Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Klimovo Ghetto , Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Klimavichy Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Belarus)Klintsy Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Kobeliaky Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Košice Ghetto, Hungary (now Slovakia)Liepāja Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Latvia)Mátészalka Ghetto, HungaryMazyr Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Belarus)Minsk Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Belarus)Miskolc Ghetto, HungaryMogilev Ghetto , Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Belarus)Mohyliv-Podilskyi (Moghilău) Ghetto, Romania (now Ukraine)Monastir Ghetto , Bulgaria (now North Macedonia)Munkács Ghetto , Hungary (now Ukraine)Nyíregyháza Ghetto, HungaryOdesa Ghetto, Romania (now Ukraine)Oleksandrivka Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine), first liquidation in March 1942 was where the Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph was taken.[ 6] Olyka Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Oradea Ghetto , Hungary (now Romania)Orsha Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Belarus)Pochep Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Polotsk Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Belarus)Proskurov Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Pruzhany Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Belarus)Pryluky Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Ukraine)Pskov Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Reghin Ghetto , Hungary (now Romania)Riga Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Latvia)Salonika Ghetto , German occupation zone in Greece (now Greece)Satu Mare Ghetto , Hungary (now Romania)Sfântu Gheorghe Ghetto Hungary, (now Romania)Shepetivka Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Shumyachi Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Šiauliai Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Lithuania)Sighet Ghetto, Hungary (now Romania)Skvyra Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Slavuta Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Slutsk Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Belarus)Smolensk Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Snovsk Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Ukraine)Starodub Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Stolin Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Belarus)Švenčionys Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Lithuania)Svislach Ghetto , Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Belarus)Szeged Ghetto, HungarySzékesfehérvár Ghetto, HungarySzombathely Ghetto, HungaryTarashcha Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Telšiai Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Lithuania)Theresienstadt Ghetto (concentration camp, sometimes referred to as a ghetto), Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now Czech Republic)Uman Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Uzhgorod Ghetto, Hungary (now Ukraine)Vinnytsia Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Vitebsk Ghetto , Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Belarus)Žagarė Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ostland (now Lithuania)Zagreb Ghetto, CroatiaYevpatoria Ghetto, Crimean General Government (now Russia)Zhitomir Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Zlatopil Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)Zlynka Ghetto, Military Administration in the Soviet Union (now Russia)Zvenyhorodka Ghetto, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (now Ukraine)
Ghettos outside Europe
Shanghai Ghetto (1937-1941, less restriction over Jews by Japanese) (1941-1945) Japanese forced 16,000 Jews into a one square mile ghetto, where they were often the victims of air raids by the U.S.' 7th Air Force, and often had no running water, no bathroom, heavy rations, and it was not uncommon for 30-40 people to sleep in the same room.[ 7]
References
^ a b The Ghettos. Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority ^ Types of Ghettos. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. ^ The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Archived 2016-02-08 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English) , as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon , (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm (in English) . Accessed June 21, 2011.
^ Warsaw Ghetto , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Washington, D.C. ^ Ghettos , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ^ "Yahad - in Unum" .^ Shanghai Jewish History Archived 2010-05-29 at the Wayback Machine , Proclamation Concerning Restriction of Residence and Business of Stateless Refugees . (Shanghai Jewish Center)
Bibliography
