Family of spiders
"Sheet weaver" redirects here. For sheetweb spider, see
Stiphidiidae .
Linyphiidae, spiders commonly known as sheet weavers (from the shape of their webs), or money spiders (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and Portugal) is a family of very small spiders comprising 4706 described species in 620 genera worldwide.[ 2] Salticidae . The family is poorly understood due to their small body size and wide distribution; new genera and species are still being discovered throughout the world. The newest such genus is Himalafurca [ 2] taxonomy as species are combined or divided.
Money spiders are known for drifting through the air via a technique termed "ballooning ".[ 3]
Within the agriculture industry, money spiders are regarded as biological control agents against pest species like aphids and springtails .[ 4] [ 5]
Description
In Linyphiidae, the clypeus is normally over twice as high as the diameter of the anterior median eyes. The chelicerae have lateral stridulating ridges and lack lateral condyles.[ 6]
The legs are long and thin, and bear macrosetae. The abdomen is usually oval or elongated.[ 7]
Distribution
Spiders of this family occur nearly worldwide. In Norway many species have been found walking on snow at temperatures of down to −7 °C.
While these spiders are light enough to utilize ballooning for travel,[ 8] [ 9] [ 10]
Predators and prey
Taxonomy
The Pimoidae are the sister group to the Linyphiidae.[ 1]
There are six subfamilies, of which Linyphiinae (the sheetweb spiders), Erigoninae (the dwarf spiders), and Micronetinae, contain the majority of described species.
Many species have been described in monotypic genera , especially in the Erigoninae, which probably reflects the scientific techniques traditionally used in this family.[ 1] Neriene Lepthyphantes Erigone Eperigone , Bathyphantes Troglohyphantes Tennesseellum
Males in the subfamily Erigoninae typically have modified cephalothoraxes. These modifications are diagnostic for a given taxon, being genus or species-specific. These come in an impressive array of forms including, but not limited to, grooves, tubercles, projections, bumps, lobes, and spines. Occasionally, the projections may be decorated with tufts of hair or even bear eyes.
The following are select examples of species in which males possess rather remarkable modifications. Walckenaeria acuminata has its eyes placed on a tall, thin spire whose height exceeds the length of the cephalothorax. Grammonota gigas has a transverse row of four longitudinal lobes behind the eyes. Gnathonargus unicorn has a long, slender, upward-pointing clypeal projection resembling a unicorn horn. Hypselistes florens has a cephalic lobe shaped like an hourglass when viewed from the front. Perregrinus deformis has a short, downcurved clypeal projection resembling a human nose. Praestigia kulczynskii has its anterior median eyes placed ventrally at the end of a long, thick projection issuing from the clypeus. The genera Coreorgonal and Spirembolus have their cephalic regions deeply divided into two pronounced lobes. Eskovia exarmata has a cephalothorax shaped like a trapezoid when viewed laterally. Horcotes quadricristatus has a single, sharp tooth sticking up between the anterior and posterior eyes.[ 12] [ 13]
Similarly, the pedipalps of males range from simple to complex in their design, with some possessing striking features and arrangements of palpal sclerites that are unique for a given genus and/or species.
A few spiders in this family include:
Genera
As of May 2021[update] World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[ 2]
Abacoproeces Simon, 1884 — Austria, RussiaAberdaria Holm, 1962 — KenyaAbiskoa Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2000 — Poland, Russia, ChinaAcanoides Sun, Marusik & Tu, 2014 — ChinaAcanthoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1992 — North America, AsiaAcartauchenius Simon, 1884 — Asia, Africa, EuropeAcorigone Wunderlich, 2008 — AzoresAcroterius Irfan, Bashir & Peng, 2021 — ChinaAdelonetria Millidge, 1991 — ChileAfribactrus Wunderlich, 1995 — South AfricaAfromynoglenes Merrett & Russell-Smith, 1996 — EthiopiaAfroneta Holm, 1968 — AfricaAgnyphantes Hull, 1932 — Canada, Russia, ChinaAgyneta Hull, 1911 — South America, Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, Bermuda, Panama, AustraliaAgyphantes Saaristo & Marusik, 2004 — RussiaAinerigone Eskov, 1993 — Russia, JapanAlgarveneta Wunderlich, 2021 — PortugalAlioranus Simon, 1926 — Asia, GreeceAllomengea Strand, 1912 — Asia, CanadaAllotiso Tanasevitch, 1990 — Turkey, GeorgiaAnacornia Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 — United StatesAnguliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Asia, RomaniaAnibontes Chamberlin, 1924 — United StatesAnnapolis Millidge, 1984 — United StatesAnodoration Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, ArgentinaAnthrobia Tellkampf, 1844 — United StatesAntrohyphantes Dumitrescu, 1971 — BulgariaAperturina Tanasevitch, 2014 — Thailand, MalaysiaAphileta Hull, 1920 — Kazakhstan, United States, RussiaApobrata Miller, 2004 — PhilippinesAprifrontalia Oi, 1960 — AsiaArachosinella Denis, 1958 — AsiaAraeoncus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, Africa, New ZealandArcharaeoncus Tanasevitch, 1987 — Asia, EuropeArcterigone Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — Russia, CanadaArcuphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 — North America, AsiaAscetophantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 — NepalAsemostera Simon, 1898 — Central America, South AmericaAsiafroneta Tanasevitch, 2020 — BorneoAsiagone Tanasevitch, 2014 — Thailand, China, LaosAsiceratinops Eskov, 1992 — RussiaAsiophantes Eskov, 1993 — RussiaAsperthorax Oi, 1960 — Russia, Japan, ChinaAsthenargellus Caporiacco, 1949 — KenyaAsthenargoides Eskov, 1993 — RussiaAsthenargus Simon & Fage, 1922 — Africa, Europe, AsiaAtypena Simon, 1894 — AsiaAustralolinyphia Wunderlich, 1976 — AustraliaAustralophantes Tanasevitch, 2012 — Indonesia, AustraliaBactrogyna Millidge, 1991 — ChileBaryphyma Simon, 1884 — Europe, AsiaBaryphymula Eskov, 1992 — JapanBathylinyphia Eskov, 1992 — AsiaBathyphantes Menge, 1866 — North America, Asia, Africa, Europe, Argentina, OceaniaBatueta Locket, 1982 — AsiaBifurcia Saaristo, Tu & Li, 2006 — China, RussiaBirgerius Saaristo, 1973 — France, SpainBisetifer Tanasevitch, 1987 — Ukraine, RussiaBishopiana Eskov, 1988 — RussiaBlestia Millidge, 1993 — United StatesBolephthyphantes Strand, 1901 — Greenland, Russia, KazakhstanBolyphantes C. L. Koch, 1837 — Asia, EuropeBordea Bosmans, 1995 — Portugal, Spain, FranceBrachycerasphora Denis, 1962 — Africa, AsiaBursellia Holm, 1962 — AfricaCaenonetria Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — IndonesiaCallitrichia Fage, 1936 — Africa, AsiaCallosa Zhao & Li, 2017 — ChinaCamafroneta Frick & Scharff, 2018 — CameroonCameroneta Bosmans & Jocqué, 1983 — CameroonCanariellanum Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Is.Canariphantes Wunderlich, 1992 — Africa, Israel, EuropeCapsulia Saaristo, Tu & Li, 2006 — ChinaCaracladus Simon, 1884 — Europe, AsiaCarorita Duffey & Merrett, 1963 — Russia, ChinaCassafroneta Blest, 1979 — New ZealandCatacercus Millidge, 1985 — ChileCatonetria Millidge & Ashmole, 1994 — Ascension Is.Caucasopisthes Tanasevitch, 1990 — CaucasusCautinella Millidge, 1985 — ChileCaviphantes Oi, 1960 — Romania, Asia, United StatesCentromerita Dahl, 1912 — United States, CanadaCentromerus Dahl, 1886 — Europe, Asia, Africa, North AmericaCentrophantes Miller & Polenec, 1975 — Slovenia, AustriaCeraticelus Simon, 1884 — North America, Europe, Russia, CubaCeratinella Emerton, 1882 — North America, Asia, Europe, AustraliaCeratinops Banks, 1905 — United States, CanadaCeratinopsidis Bishop & Crosby, 1930 — United StatesCeratinopsis Emerton, 1882 — Africa, North America, Asia, Guatemala, CubaCeratocyba Holm, 1962 — KenyaCheniseo Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United States, CanadaChenisides Denis, 1962 — Congo, KenyaCherserigone Denis, 1954 — AlgeriaChiangmaia Millidge, 1995 — ThailandChthiononetes Millidge, 1993 — AustraliaCinetata Wunderlich, 1995 — GeorgiaCirrosus Zhao & Li, 2014 — ChinaClaviphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 — NepalCnephalocotes Simon, 1884 — Canada, Russia, FranceCollinsia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1913 — Asia, North America, EuropeColoncus Chamberlin, 1949 — United States, CanadaComorella Jocqué, 1985 — ComorosConcavocephalus Eskov, 1989 — RussiaConglin Zhao & Li, 2014 — ChinaConnithorax Eskov, 1993 — RussiaCoreorgonal Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United States, CanadaCornicephalus Saaristo & Wunderlich, 1995 — ChinaCornitibia Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 - NepalCresmatoneta Simon, 1929 — AsiaCrispiphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 — China, Korea, RussiaCrosbyarachne Charitonov, 1937 — Turkey, EuropeCrosbylonia Eskov, 1988 — RussiaCryptolinyphia Millidge, 1991 — ColombiaCtenophysis Millidge, 1985 — ChileCurtimeticus Zhao & Li, 2014 — ChinaCyphonetria Millidge, 1995 — ThailandDactylopisthes Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, North AmericaDactylopisthoides Eskov, 1990 — RussiaDecipiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Belarus, AsiaDeelemania Jocqué & Bosmans, 1983 — AfricaDendronetria Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — IndonesiaDenisiphantes Tu, Li & Rollard, 2005 — ChinaDiastanillus Simon, 1926 — France, Austria, NorwayDicornua Oi, 1960 — JapanDicymbium Menge, 1868 — North America, AsiaDidectoprocnemis Denis, 1950 — Europe, AfricaDiechomma Millidge, 1991 — ColombiaDiplocentria Hull, 1911 — Asia, Sweden, North AmericaDiplocephaloides Oi, 1960 — Korea, Japan, ChinaDiplocephalus Bertkau, 1883 — Africa, Europe, North America, AsiaDiploplecta Millidge, 1988 — New ZealandDiplostyla Emerton, 1882 — Turkey, RussiaDiplothyron Millidge, 1991 — VenezuelaDisembolus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 — United States, CanadaDismodicus Simon, 1884 — Russia, North America, EuropeDoenitzius Oi, 1960 — AsiaDolabritor Millidge, 1991 — ColombiaDonacochara Simon, 1884 — AngolaDrapetisca Menge, 1866 — United States, New Zealand, AsiaDrepanotylus Holm, 1945 — Asia, BulgariaDresconella Denis, 1950 — FranceDubiaranea Mello-Leitão, 1943 — South America, IndonesiaDumoga Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — IndonesiaDunedinia Millidge, 1988 — New Zealand, AustraliaEborilaira Eskov, 1989 — RussiaEldonnia Tanasevitch, 2008 — Russia, Korea, JapanEmenista Simon, 1894 — IndiaEmertongone Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 - USAEnguterothrix Denis, 1962 — Congo, AsiaEntelecara Simon, 1884 — North America, Asia, Europe, AlgeriaEordea Simon, 1899 — IndonesiaEpibellowia Tanasevitch, 1996 — Russia, JapanEpiceraticelus Crosby & Bishop, 1931 — United StatesEpigyphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 — RussiaEpigytholus Tanasevitch, 1996 — Russia, MongoliaEpisolder Tanasevitch, 1996 — RussiaEpiwubana Millidge, 1991 — ChileEridantes Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States, Mexico, CanadaErigokhabarum Tanasevitch, 2022 - Russia (Far East)Erigomicronus Tanasevitch, 2018 — Japan, Russia, ChinaErigone Audouin, 1826 — North America, Europe, South America, Panama, Asia, Africa, Caribbean, OceaniaErigonella Dahl, 1901 — Canada, Asia, FranceErigonoploides Eskov, 1989 — RussiaErigonoplus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, MoroccoErigonops Scharff, 1990 — South AfricaErigophantes Wunderlich, 1995 — IndonesiaEskovia Marusik & Saaristo, 1999 — Russia, Canada, MongoliaEskovina Kocak & Kemal, 2006 — Russia, China, KoreaEsophyllas Prentice & Redak, 2012 — United StatesEstrandia Blauvelt, 1936 — Russia, China, JapanEulaira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 — United States, MexicoEurymorion Millidge, 1993 — Brazil, BoliviaEvansia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 — Europe (Japan?)Exechopsis Millidge, 1991 — South AmericaExocora Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Venezuela, BoliviaFageiella Kratochvíl, 1934 — Serbia, MontenegroFalklandoglenes Usher, 1983 — Falkland Is.Fissiscapus Millidge, 1991 — Ecuador, ColombiaFistulaphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 — NepalFlagelliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — RussiaFloricomus Crosby & Bishop, 1925 — United States, CanadaFlorinda O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 — United States, MexicoFloronia Simon, 1887 — Ecuador, AsiaFormiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — EuropeFrederickus Paquin, Dupérré, Buckle & Crawford, 2008 — United States, CanadaFrontella Kulczyński, 1908 — RussiaFrontinella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 — North America, China, El SalvadorFrontinellina van Helsdingen, 1969 — Asia, South AfricaFrontiphantes Wunderlich, 1987 — MadeiraFusciphantes Oi, 1960 — JapanGibbafroneta Merrett, 2004 — CongoGibothorax Eskov, 1989 — RussiaGigapassus Miller, 2007 — ArgentinaGladiata Zhao & Li, 2014 — ChinaGlebala Zhao & Li, 2014 — ChinaGlomerosus Zhao & Li, 2014 — ChinaGlyphesis Simon, 1926 — Asia, North America, EuropeGnathonargus Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United StatesGnathonarium Karsch, 1881 — Asia, North AmericaGnathonaroides Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, CanadaGonatium Menge, 1868 — Asia, Europe, North America, AfricaGonatoraphis Millidge, 1991 — ColombiaGoneatara Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United StatesGongylidiellum Simon, 1884 — Africa, Asia, Romania, United States, ArgentinaGongylidioides Oi, 1960 — AsiaGongylidium Menge, 1868 — Asia, ItalyGrammonota Emerton, 1882 — North America, Colombia, Central America, CaribbeanGraphomoa Chamberlin, 1924 — United StatesGravipalpus Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Peru, ArgentinaHabreuresis Millidge, 1991 — ChileHalorates Hull, 1911 — Kazakhstan, PakistanHaplinis Simon, 1894 — New Zealand, AustraliaHaplomaro Miller, 1970 — AngolaHelophora Menge, 1866 — Russia, China, United StatesHelsdingenia Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2003 — Asia, AfricaHerbiphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 — Russia, Korea, JapanHeterolinyphia Wunderlich, 1973 — Bhutan, NepalHeterotrichoncus Wunderlich, 1970 — Europe, RussiaHilaira Simon, 1884 — Asia, North America, EuropeHimalafurca Tanasevitch, 2021 — NepalHimalaphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 — AsiaHolma Locket, 1974 — AngolaHolmelgonia Jocqué & Scharff, 2007 — AfricaHolminaria Eskov, 1991 — Russia, Mongolia, ChinaHorcotes Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States, Russia, CanadaHoushenzinus Tanasevitch, 2006 — ChinaHubertella Platnick, 1989 — NepalHybauchenidium Holm, 1973 — Russia, North America, EuropeHybocoptus Simon, 1884 — Algeria, Morocco, FranceHylyphantes Simon, 1884 — AsiaHyperafroneta Blest, 1979 — New ZealandHypomma Dahl, 1886 — Asia, Macedonia, Equatorial Guinea, United StatesHypselistes Simon, 1894 — Asia, North AmericaHypselocara Millidge, 1991 — VenezuelaHypsocephalus Millidge, 1978 — France, Switzerland, ItalyIbadana Locket & Russell-Smith, 1980 — Nigeria, CameroonIberoneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 1984 — SpainIcariella Brignoli, 1979 — GreeceIdionella Banks, 1893 — United States, MexicoImprophantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Asia, Africa, EuropeIncestophantes Tanasevitch, 1992 — Asia, Europe, North AmericaIndophantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2003 — AsiaIntecymbium Miller, 2007 — Chile, ArgentinaIpa Saaristo, 2007 — Asia, EuropeIpaoides Tanasevitch, 2008 — ChinaIslandiana Braendegaard, 1932 — North America, Russia, EuropeIvielum Eskov, 1988 — Russia, Mongolia, CanadaJacksonella Millidge, 1951 — Cyprus, Greece, KoreaJalapyphantes Gertsch & Davis, 1946 — Mexico, EcuadorJanetschekia Schenkel, 1939 — EuropeJavagone Tanasevitch, 2020 — JavaJavanaria Tanasevitch, 2020 — JavaJavanyphia Tanasevitch, 2020 — JavaJilinus Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 - Russia (Far East), China, KoreaJohorea Locket, 1982 — MalaysiaJuanfernandezia Koçak & Kemal, 2008 — ChileKaestneria Wiehle, 1956 — Asia, North AmericaKagurargus Ono, 2007 — JapanKalimagone Tanasevitch, 2017 — MalaysiaKarita Tanasevitch, 2007 — Europe, RussiaKenocymbium Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Malaysia, Indonesia, ThailandKetambea Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — AsiaKikimora Eskov, 1988 — Finland, RussiaKnischatiria Wunderlich, 1976 — Australia, Indonesia, MalaysiaKoinothrix Jocqué, 1981 — Cape Verde Is.Kolymocyba Eskov, 1989 — RussiaKratochviliella Miller, 1938 — EuropeLabicymbium Millidge, 1991 — South AmericaLabulla Simon, 1884 — Europe, RussiaLabullinyphia van Helsdingen, 1985 — Sri LankaLabullula Strand, 1913 — Cameroon, Angola, ComorosLaetesia Simon, 1908 — Oceania, ThailandLamellasia Tanasevitch, 2014 — ThailandLaminacauda Millidge, 1985 — South America, PanamaLaminafroneta Merrett, 2004 — AfricaLaogone Tanasevitch, 2014 — China, LaosLaperousea Dalmas, 1917 — Australia, New ZealandLasiargus Kulczyński, 1894 — AsiaLepthyphantes Menge, 1866 — Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, ChileLeptorhoptrum Kulczyński, 1894 — Russia, JapanLeptothrix Menge, 1869 — EuropeLessertia Smith, 1908 — Spain, Africa, Canada, New ZealandLessertinella Denis, 1947 — EuropeLidia Saaristo & Marusik, 2004 — Kyrgyzstan, KazakhstanLimoneta Bosmans & Jocqué, 1983 — Cameroon, Kenya, South AfricaLinyphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 — United States, Canada, MexicoLinyphia Latreille, 1804 — North America, Asia, South America, Central America, Africa, Europe, OceaniaLocketidium Jocqué, 1981 — Malawi, Kenya, TanzaniaLocketiella Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — IndonesiaLocketina Kocak & Kemal, 2006 — Indonesia, MalaysiaLomaita Bryant, 1948 — Dominican RepublicLophomma Menge, 1868 — United States, RussiaLotusiphantes Chen & Yin, 2001 — ChinaLucrinus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 — South AfricaLygarina Simon, 1894 — South AmericaMachadocara Miller, 1970 — Congo, ZambiaMacrargus Dahl, 1886 — Europe, AsiaMaculoncus Wunderlich, 1995 — Taiwan, Greece, IsraelMalkinola Miller, 2007 — ChileMansuphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Europe, AsiaMaorineta Millidge, 1988 — New Zealand, IndonesiaMaro O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1906 — North America, AsiaMartensinus Wunderlich, 1973 — NepalMasikia Millidge, 1984 — Russia, United States, CanadaMaso Simon, 1884 — United States, Portugal, Algeria, AsiaMasoncus Chamberlin, 1949 — United States, CanadaMasonetta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939 — United StatesMecopisthes Simon, 1926 — Europe, Africa, AsiaMecynargoides Eskov, 1988 — Russia, MongoliaMecynargus Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia, North America, EuropeMecynidis Simon, 1894 — AfricaMegafroneta Blest, 1979 — New ZealandMegalepthyphantes Wunderlich, 1994 — Africa, Asia, GreeceMermessus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 — North America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Asia, South Africa, New ZealandMesasigone Tanasevitch, 1989 — AsiaMetafroneta Blest, 1979 — New ZealandMetaleptyphantes Locket, 1968 — Africa, IndonesiaMetamynoglenes Blest, 1979 — New ZealandMetapanamomops Millidge, 1977 — Germany, UkraineMetopobactrus Simon, 1884 — Europe, North America, AsiaMicrargus Dahl, 1886 — North America, Europe, Asia, UgandaMicrobathyphantes van Helsdingen, 1985 — Asia, AfricaMicroctenonyx Dahl, 1886 — Italy, Africa, United States, OceaniaMicrocyba Holm, 1962 — AfricaMicrolinyphia Gerhardt, 1928 — Africa, North America, AsiaMicroneta Menge, 1869 — Sweden, South America, North America, Papua New Guinea, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, AsiaMicroplanus Millidge, 1991 — Colombia, PanamaMidia Saaristo & Wunderlich, 1995 — EuropeMiftengris Eskov, 1993 — RussiaMillidgea Locket, 1968 — AngolaMillidgella Kammerer, 2006 — Chile, ArgentinaMinicia Thorell, 1875 — Asia, Europe, AlgeriaMinyriolus Simon, 1884 — Argentina, ItalyMioxena Simon, 1926 — Congo, Kenya, AngolaMitrager van Helsdingen, 1985 — IndonesiaMoebelia Dahl, 1886 — Germany, ChinaMoebelotinus Wunderlich, 1995 — Russia, MongoliaMolestia Tu, Saaristo & Li, 2006 Monocephalus Smith, 1906 — EuropeMonocerellus Tanasevitch, 1983 — RussiaMontilaira Chamberlin, 1921 — United StatesMoreiraxena Miller, 1970 — AngolaMoyosi Miller, 2007 — Guyana, Brazil, ArgentinaMughiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1999 — Asia, EuropeMurphydium Jocqué, 1996 — Kenya, SomaliaMycula Schikora, 1994 — Germany, Austria, ItalyMyrmecomelix Millidge, 1993 — Peru, EcuadorMythoplastoides Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United StatesNapometa Benoit, 1977 — St. HelenaNasoona Locket, 1982 — Asia, VenezuelaNasoonaria Wunderlich & Song, 1995 — AsiaNematogmus Simon, 1884 — AsiaNenilinium Eskov, 1988 — Russia, MongoliaNentwigia Millidge, 1995 — Thailand, IndonesiaNeocautinella Baert, 1990 — Ecuador, Peru, BoliviaNeodietrichia Özdikmen, 2008 — United States, CanadaNeoeburnella Koçak, 1986 — Côte d'IvoireNeomaso Forster, 1970 — Chile, Argentina, BrazilNeonesiotes Millidge, 1991 — Seychelles, Fiji, SamoaNeriene Blackwall, 1833 — Asia, Africa, North America, EuropeNeserigone Eskov, 1992 — Russia, JapanNesioneta Millidge, 1991 — Asia, Seychelles, FijiNihonella Ballarin & Yamasaki, 2021 — JapanNippononeta Eskov, 1992 — AsiaNipponotusukuru Saito & Ono, 2001 — JapanNispa Eskov, 1993 — Russia, JapanNotholepthyphantes Millidge, 1985 — ChileNothophantes Merrett & Stevens, 1995 — BritainNotiogyne Tanasevitch, 2007 — RussiaNotiohyphantes Millidge, 1985 — Mexico, South AmericaNotiomaso Banks, 1914 — Chile, ArgentinaNotioscopus Simon, 1884 — South Africa, AsiaNotolinga Lavery & Dupérré, 2019 — Argentina & Falkland Is.Novafroneta Blest, 1979 — New ZealandNovafrontina Millidge, 1991 — South America, MexicoNovalaetesia Millidge, 1988 — New ZealandNusoncus Wunderlich, 2008 — EuropeOaphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 — United StatesObrimona Strand, 1934 — Sri LankaObscuriphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2000 — Europe, AsiaOculocornia Oliger, 1985 — RussiaOedothorax Bertkau, 1883 — Europe, North America, Asia, Argentina, AfricaOia Wunderlich, 1973 — AsiaOilinyphia Ono & Saito, 1989 — China, Thailand, JapanOkhotigone Eskov, 1993 — Russia, China, JapanOnychembolus Millidge, 1985 — Chile, ArgentinaOphrynia Jocqué, 1981 — Tanzania, Malawi, CameroonOreocyba Holm, 1962 — Kenya, UgandaOreoneta Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia, North America, EuropeOreonetides Strand, 1901 — Asia, North America, EuropeOreophantes Eskov, 1984 — United States, CanadaOrfeo Miller, 2007 — BrazilOriganates Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United StatesOrsonwelles Hormiga, 2002 — HawaiiOryphantes Hull, 1932 — North America, AsiaOstearius Hull, 1911 — South Africa, China, New ZealandOuedia Bosmans & Abrous, 1992 — Europe, AlgeriaPachydelphus Jocqué & Bosmans, 1983 — Gabon, Sierra Leone, Côte d'IvoirePacifiphantes Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — North America, AsiaPahangone Tanasevitch, 2018 — MalaysiaPaikiniana Eskov, 1992 — Korea, China, JapanPalaeohyphantes Millidge, 1984 — AustraliaPalliduphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2001 — Europe, Asia, AfricaPanamomops Simon, 1884 — Europe, AsiaParacornicularia Crosby & Bishop, 1931 — United StatesParacymboides Tanasevitch, 2011 — IndiaParaeboria Eskov, 1990 — RussiaParafroneta Blest, 1979 — New ZealandParaglyphesis Eskov, 1991 — RussiaParagongylidiellum Wunderlich, 1973 — India, NepalParaletes Millidge, 1991 — Peru, BrazilParameioneta Locket, 1982 — AsiaParapelecopsis Wunderlich, 1992 — Portugal, GeorgiaParasisis Eskov, 1984 — AsiaParatapinocyba Saito, 1986 — JapanParatmeticus Marusik & Koponen, 2010 — Russia, JapanParawubanoides Eskov & Marusik, 1992 — Russia, MongoliaParbatthorax Tanasevitch, 2019 — NepalParhypomma Eskov, 1992 — JapanParo Berland, 1942 — Austral Is.Parvunaria Tanasevitch, 2018 — MyanmarPatagoneta Millidge, 1985 — ChilePecado Hormiga & Scharff, 2005 — Spain, Morocco, AlgeriaPelecopsidis Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United StatesPelecopsis Simon, 1864 — Africa, Europe, North America, AsiaPeponocranium Simon, 1884 — Asia, EuropePerlongipalpus Eskov & Marusik, 1991 — Russia, MongoliaPerregrinus Tanasevitch, 1992 — Asia, CanadaPerro Tanasevitch, 1992 — Russia, CanadaPhanetta Keyserling, 1886 — United StatesPhlattothrata Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States, RussiaPhyllarachne Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — IndonesiaPiesocalus Simon, 1894 — IndonesiaPiniphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Europe, AsiaPityohyphantes Simon, 1929 — North America, AsiaPlaesianillus Simon, 1926 — FrancePlatyspira Song & Li, 2009 — ChinaPlectembolus Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Philippines, Malaysia, IndonesiaPlesiophantes Heimer, 1981 — Russia, Georgia, TurkeyPlicatiductus Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — IndonesiaPocadicnemis Simon, 1884 — North America, Europe, AsiaPocobletus Simon, 1894 — Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Costa Rica, VenezuelaPoecilafroneta Blest, 1979 — New ZealandPoeciloneta Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia, North AmericaPorrhomma Simon, 1884 — Asia, North America, EuropePraestigia Millidge, 1954 — Canada, Europe, AsiaPrimerigonina Wunderlich, 1995 — PanamaPrinerigone Millidge, 1988 — Africa, AsiaPriperia Simon, 1904 — HawaiiProcerocymbium Eskov, 1989 — Russia, CanadaProelauna Jocqué, 1981 — Angola, Tanzania, MalawiProislandiana Tanasevitch, 1985 — RussiaPromynoglenes Blest, 1979 — New ZealandPronasoona Millidge, 1995 — Thailand, MalaysiaProsoponoides Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — AsiaProtoerigone Blest, 1979 — New ZealandPseudafroneta Blest, 1979 — New ZealandPseudocarorita Wunderlich, 1980 — Central EuropePseudocyba Tanasevitch, 1984 — Russia, KazakhstanPseudohilaira Eskov, 1990 — RussiaPseudomaro Denis, 1966 — EuropePseudomaso Locket & Russell-Smith, 1980 — NigeriaPseudomicrargus Eskov, 1992 — JapanPseudomicrocentria Miller, 1970 — South Africa, MalaysiaPseudoporrhomma Eskov, 1993 — RussiaPseudotyphistes Brignoli, 1972 — South AmericaPseudowubana Eskov & Marusik, 1992 — Russia, MongoliaPsilocymbium Millidge, 1991 — South AmericaPutaoa Hormiga & Tu, 2008 — Taiwan, ChinaRacata Millidge, 1995 — Indonesia, ThailandRhabdogyna Millidge, 1985 — ChileRingina Tambs-Lyche, 1954 — Crozet Is.Russocampus Tanasevitch, 2004 — RussiaRyojius Saito & Ono, 2001 — Korea, Japan, ChinaSaaristoa Millidge, 1978 — Japan, United StatesSachaliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 — AsiaSaitonia Eskov, 1992 — China, Japan, KoreaSaloca Simon, 1926 — Turkey, Nepal, RussiaSatilatlas Keyserling, 1886 — United States, Canada, RussiaSauron Eskov, 1995 — Russia, KazakhstanSavignia Blackwall, 1833 — Asia, United States, Australia, Europe, ComorosSavigniorrhipis Wunderlich, 1992 — AzoresScandichrestus Wunderlich, 1995 — Sweden, Finland, RussiaSciastes Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — Europe, Russia, North AmericaScirites Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, CanadaScironis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United StatesScolecura Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Colombia, ArgentinaScolopembolus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United StatesScotargus Simon, 1913 — Algeria, RussiaScotinotylus Simon, 1884 — Asia, North America, EuropeScutpelecopsis Marusik & Gnelitsa, 2009 — Asia, RomaniaScylaceus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, CanadaScyletria Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, CanadaSelenyphantes Gertsch & Davis, 1946 — Mexico, GuatemalaSemljicola Strand, 1906 — Asia, Europe, North AmericaSengletus Tanasevitch, 2008 — Egypt, Israel, IranShaanxinus Tanasevitch, 2006 — ChinaShanus Tanasevitch, 2006 — ChinaSibirocyba Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — RussiaSilometopoides Eskov, 1990 — Asia, North America, GreenlandSilometopus Simon, 1926 — Europe, AsiaSimplicistilus Locket, 1968 — West & Central AfricaSingatrichona Tanasevitch, 2019 — SingaporeSinolinyphia Wunderlich & Li, 1995 Sinopimoa Li & Wunderlich, 2008 — ChinaSintula Simon, 1884 — Asia, Europe, AfricaSisicottus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, Canada, RussiaSisicus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — Russia, United States, CanadaSisis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, CanadaSisyrbe Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United StatesSitalcas Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United StatesSmerasia Zhao & Li, 2014 — ChinaSmermisia Simon, 1894 — South America, Costa RicaSmodix Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, CanadaSolenysa Simon, 1894 — AsiaSoucron Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United States, CanadaSouessa Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United StatesSouessoula Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United StatesSougambus Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United States, CanadaSouidas Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United StatesSoulgas Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United StatesSpanioplanus Millidge, 1991 — Venezuela, PeruSphecozone O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — South America, United States, TrinidadSpiralophantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 — NepalSpirembolus Chamberlin, 1920 — United States, Canada, MexicoStemonyphantes Menge, 1866 — Asia, Ukraine, North AmericaSthelota Simon, 1894 — Panama, GuatemalaStictonanus Millidge, 1991 — ChileStrandella Oi, 1960 — AsiaStrongyliceps Fage, 1936 — Kenya, UgandaStyloctetor Simon, 1884 — Europe, North America, AsiaSubbekasha Millidge, 1984 — CanadaSyedra Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, CongoSymmigma Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United StatesTachygyna Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939 — United States, CanadaTaibainus Tanasevitch, 2006 — ChinaTaibaishanus Tanasevitch, 2006 — ChinaTallusia Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1972 — Asia, GreeceTanasevitchia Marusik & Saaristo, 1999 — RussiaTapinocyba Simon, 1884 — Europe, Algeria, North America, AsiaTapinocyboides Wiehle, 1960 — IndiaTapinopa Westring, 1851 — United States, Europe, AsiaTapinotorquis Dupérré & Paquin, 2007 — United States, CanadaTaranucnus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, United StatesTarsiphantes Strand, 1905 — Russia, Canada, GreenlandTchatkalophantes Tanasevitch, 2001 — AsiaTegulinus Tanasevitch, 2017 — IndonesiaTennesseellum Petrunkevitch, 1925 — United StatesTenuiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, New ZealandTernatus Sun, Li & Tu, 2012 Tessamoro Eskov, 1993 — RussiaThainetes Millidge, 1995 — ThailandThaiphantes Millidge, 1995 — ThailandThaleria Tanasevitch, 1984 — Russia, United StatesThapsagus Simon, 1894 — MadagascarThaumatoncus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Algeria, IsraelTheoa Saaristo, 1995 — Asia, SeychellesTheoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1991 — RussiaTheonina Simon, 1929 — Russia, AlgeriaThyreobaeus Simon, 1889 — MadagascarThyreosthenius Simon, 1884 — RussiaTibiaster Tanasevitch, 1987 — KazakhstanTibioploides Eskov & Marusik, 1991 — Asia, EstoniaTibioplus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947 — Asia, United StatesTiso Simon, 1884 — Canada, Greenland, AsiaTmeticodes Ono, 2010 — JapanTmeticus Menge, 1868 — Asia, North AmericaTojinium Saito & Ono, 2001 — JapanToltecaria Miller, 2007 — MexicoTomohyphantes Millidge, 1995 — IndonesiaToschia Caporiacco, 1949 — AfricaTotua Keyserling, 1891 — BrazilTrachyneta Holm, 1968 — Congo, MalawiTraematosisis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United StatesTrematocephalus Dahl, 1886 — Asia, FranceTrichobactrus Wunderlich, 1995 — MongoliaTrichoncoides Denis, 1950 — France, AsiaTrichoncus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Africa, AsiaTrichoncyboides Wunderlich, 2008 — Switzerland, Germany, AustriaTrichopterna Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia, Europe, AfricaTrichopternoides Wunderlich, 2008 — EuropeTriplogyna Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Argentina, ColombiaTroglohyphantes Joseph, 1881 — Europe, Algeria, AsiaTroxochrota Kulczyński, 1894 — RussiaTroxochrus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, AngolaTubercithorax Eskov, 1988 — RussiaTunagyna Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 — Russia, Canada, United StatesTurbinellina Millidge, 1993 — Chile, ArgentinaTurinyphia van Helsdingen, 1982 — China, Korea, JapanTusukuru Eskov, 1993 — United States, RussiaTutaibo Chamberlin, 1916 — North America, South America, GuatemalaTybaertiella Jocqué, 1979 — Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, EthiopiaTyphistes Simon, 1894 — Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, South AfricaTyphlonyphia Kratochvíl, 1936 — CroatiaTyphochrestinus Eskov, 1990 — RussiaTyphochrestoides Eskov, 1990 — RussiaTyphochrestus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Africa, Asia, North AmericaUahuka Berland, 1935 — Marquesas Is.Uapou Berland, 1935 — Marquesas Is.Ulugurella Jocqué & Scharff, 1986 — TanzaniaUmmeliata Strand, 1942 — AsiaUralophantes Esyunin, 1992 — Ukraine, RussiaUssurigone Eskov, 1993 — RussiaUusitaloia Marusik, Koponen & Danilov, 2001 — RussiaVagiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 — Central AsiaVenia Seyfulina & Jocqué, 2009 — KenyaVermontia Millidge, 1984 — United States, Canada, RussiaVesicapalpus Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, ArgentinaVietnagone Tanasevitch, 2019 — China, VietnamViktorium Eskov, 1988 — RussiaVittatus Zhao & Li, 2014 — ChinaWabasso Millidge, 1984 — Russia, North America, GreenlandWalckenaeria Blackwall, 1833 — Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, Central America, Colombia, CubaWalckenaerianus Wunderlich, 1995 — Asia, BulgariaWiehlea Braun, 1959 — Western EuropeWiehlenarius Eskov, 1990 — Russia, EuropeWubana Chamberlin, 1919 — United StatesWubanoides Eskov, 1986 — Russia, Japan, MongoliaXim Ibarra-Núñez, Chamé-Vázquez & Maya-Morales, 2021 — MexicoYakutopus Eskov, 1990 — RussiaYuelushannus Irfan et al., 2020 — ChinaZerogone Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — RussiaZhezhoulinyphia Irfan, Zhou & Peng, 2019 — ChinaZilephus Simon, 1902 — ArgentinaZornella Jackson, 1932 — North America, AsiaZygottus Chamberlin, 1949 — United States
Gallery
See also
References
^ a b c Hormiga, G. (1998). "The spider genus Napometa (Araneae, Araneoidea, Linyphiidae)" (PDF) . Journal of Arachnology . 26 : 125–132. ^ a b c "Family: Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859" . World Spider Catalog . Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22 .^ jordancuff (2019-05-16). "Rolling in money spiders" . Biocoenosis . Retrieved 2021-10-12 . ^ Sunderland, K. D.; Fraser, A. M.; Dixon, A. F. G. (1986). "Field and Laboratory Studies on Money Spiders (Linyphiidae) as Predators of Cereal Aphids" . Journal of Applied Ecology . 23 (2): 433–447. Bibcode :1986JApEc..23..433S . doi :10.2307/2404027 . ISSN 0021-8901 . JSTOR 2404027 . ^ Harwood, James D.; Obrycki, John J. (2005-09-01). "Web-Construction Behavior of Linyphiid Spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae): Competition and Co-Existence Within a Generalist Predator Guild" . Journal of Insect Behavior . 18 (5): 593–607. Bibcode :2005JIBeh..18..593H . doi :10.1007/s10905-005-7013-8 . ISSN 1572-8889 . S2CID 30576829 . ^ "araneae - Key to families" . araneae.nmbe.ch . Retrieved 2023-04-18 .^ "Family Linyphiidae - Sheetweb and Dwarf Spiders" . bugguide.net . Retrieved 2023-04-18 .^ Suter, Robert B. (1992). "Ballooning: Data from Spiders in Freefall Indicate the Importance of Posture" . The Journal of Arachnology . 20 (2): 107–113. ISSN 0161-8202 . JSTOR 3705774 . ^ Suter, Robert B. (1999). "An Aerial Lottery: The Physics of Ballooning in a Chaotic Atmosphere" . The Journal of Arachnology . 27 (1): 281–293. ISSN 0161-8202 . JSTOR 3705999 . ^ "Invasion of the ballooning money spiders" . BBC News . 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2021-12-08 .^ RSPB Birds magazine, Winter 2004
^ Spiders of North America: an identification manual . s.l.: American Arachn. Soc. 2005. ISBN 0977143902 ^ Paquin, Pierre; Duperre, Nadine (2003). Guide d'identification des Araignees (Araneae) du Quebec . Association des entomologistes amateurs du Québec. p. 251.
Bosselaers, J & Henderickx, H. (2002) A new Savignia from Cretan caves (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Zootaxa 109:1-8 PDF [permanent dead link ]
Hågvar, S. & Aakra, K. 2006. Spiders active on snow in Southern Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 71-82.
External links
