Leucojum vernum

"Spring snowflake" redirects here. For the moth with this name, see Heterocampa benitensis.

Leucojum vernum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily:	Amaryllidoideae
Genus:	Leucojum
Species:	L. vernum
Binomial name
Leucojum vernum L.[1]
Synonyms[1]
Galanthus vernus (L.) All. Nivaria verna (L.) Moench Erinosma verna (L.) Herb.

Leucojum vernum, commonly called the spring snowflake,[2][3] St. Agnes' flower (for the patron saint of virgins),[4] and rarely snowbell[5] among others,[a] is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae.[1] It is native to central and southern Europe from Belgium to Ukraine. It is considered naturalized in north-western Europe, including Great Britain and parts of Scandinavia, and in the US states of Georgia and Florida. This spring flowering bulbous herbaceous perennial is cultivated as an ornamental for a sunny position.[7] The plant multiplies in favourable conditions to form clumps. Each plant bears a single white flower with greenish marks near the tip of the tepal, on a stem about 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) tall, occasionally more.

The Latin specific epithet vernum means "relating to Spring";[8] its close relative, Leucojum aestivum, flowers in summer.

Description

Leucojum vernum is 12–35 cm (4.7–13.8 in) tall in flower. Its leaves, which appear at the same time as the flowers and continue to elongate during flowering, are 5–25 mm wide and 10–25 cm (3.9–9.8 in) long, generally reaching to below the level of the flowers. The flowering stem (scape) has a small central cavity and two narrow wings. The pendent flowers appear in spring and are usually solitary, rarely in an umbel of two. The flowers have six white tepals, each with a greenish or yellowish mark just below the tip. Each tepal is 15–25 mm long. The whitish seeds are about 7 mm long.[2][9][10]

• 
  Close-up of flower, photographed in a garden in Bamberg, Germany
• 
  At the start of flowering
• 
  Typical form with green marks on the tepals
• 
  Flower with yellow rather than green marks
• 
  In typical damp forest habitat in the Králova Zahrada Nature Reserve, Czech Republic
• 
  Naturalized in the Behrenhoff Landscape Park, Germany

Taxonomy

Leucojum vernum was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[1][11] The epithet vernum means "of the spring".[12]

Varieties

Two varieties are accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:[13]

• Leucojum vernum var. carpathicum Sweet – Carpathian Mountains (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Poland)
• Leucojum vernum var. vernum

A third variety is recognized by some sources, but not by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:[14]

• Leucojum vernum var. vagneri Stapf

Leucojum vernum var. carpathicum is distinguished by the presence of yellow rather than greenish markings at the tip of each tepal.[2] Sources that distinguish var. vagneri from var. vernum describe it as more vigorous and flowering earlier, with two flowers per scape. It comes true from seed as it does not cross with var. vernum.[2][15]

Distribution and habitat

Leucojum vernum is native to central Europe and parts of southern and western Europe, including Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, France, Italy, Romania, former Yugoslavia and Ukraine. It has become naturalized in other parts of Europe, including Great Britain, the Netherlands and parts of Scandinavia, and in Georgia and Florida in the United States.[1][2] It is found in damp and shady habitats, including woods, up to elevations of 1600 m.[2]

Cultivation

Leucojum vernum is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its white flowers in spring. It is described as "easy to grow", either in sun or partial shade, particularly in moist soil and in grass.[9] The species has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[7]

Cultivars

Many cultivars are available, including:[15]

• 'Butter-churn' (L. vernum) – large yellowish flowers, one or two per stem, sometimes two fused together
• 'Eva Habermeier' (L. vernum) – yellow apical marks
• 'Gertrude Wister' (L. v. var. carpathicum) – semi-double
• 'Golden Bell' (L. v. var. carpathicum) – yellow ovary and tepal markings
• 'Green Lantern' (L. v. var. vernum) – vigorous, tepals about one-third green with a sharp apex
• 'Greengotts' (L. v. var. vagneri) – second earliest to flower, large apical green markings
• 'Hoch die Tassen' (L. v. var. vernum) – flowers face upwards (hoch die Tassen means 'raise your glasses')
• 'Janus' (L. v. var. vagneri) – flowers early, in the first week of January
• 'Klara' (L. v. var. carpathicum) – smaller stature, open, funnel-like flowers
• 'Lothar' (L. vernum) – long pedicels, up to three flowers per bulb
• 'Milly' (L. v. var. vernum) – one to six extra long, narrow, completely green tepals; comes true from seed
• 'Null Punkte' (L. v. var. vernum) – markings small or absent
• 'Podpolozje' (L. v. var. carpathicum) – large flowers with a large apical mark, mostly two flowers per stem
• 'Tentacular' (L. vernum) – double, green markings

Toxicity

All species of Leucojum are poisonous, as the leaves and bulbs contain the toxic alkaloids lycorine and galantamine.[16] Galantamine is used for the treatment of cognitive decline in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and various other memory impairments.[17][18]

Notes

1. Other older vernacular names include common snowdrop, great spring snowdrop, common bulbous violet and butter and eggs (in Dorset).[6]

References

1. "Leucojum vernum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
2. Grey-Wilson, Christopher; Mathew, Brian & Blamey, Marjorie (1981). Bulbs : the bulbous plants of Europe and their allies. London: Collins. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-00-219211-8.
3. A. R. Clapham, et al. Flora of the British Isles. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 551. ISBN 9780521389747
4. Elizabeth Lawrence. The Little Bulbs: A Tale of Two Gardens. Duke University Press, 1986. [1st pub. Criterion, 1954] p. 35. ISBN 9780822307396
5. Stephen van Derberg. "A Succesion of Popular Flowering Bulbs." The Magazine Flowers.Volume 1, Issue 3. Suburban Press, January 1912. p. 41.
6. H. L. Gerth van Wijk. A Dictionary of Plant Names. Volume 1. Martinus Nijhoff, 1911. p. 751.
7. "RHS Plant Selector - Leucojum vernum". Retrieved 19 February 2020.
8. Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
9. Mathew, Brian (1987). The Smaller Bulbs. London: B.T. Batsford. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7134-4922-8.
10. Webb, D.A. (1980). "Leucojum vernum". In Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.). Flora Europaea, Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-06662-4.
11. Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Leucojum". Species Plantarum. Vol. I. p. 289. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
12. Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
13. "Search for Leucojum vernum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
14. "'Leucojum vernum var. vagneri Stapf". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
15. Boens, Wim (March 2017). "An overview of Leucojum". The Plantsman. New Series. 16 (1): 20–25.
16. Straley, Gerald B. & Utech, Frederick H. "Leucojum aestivum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
17. "Galantamine". Drugs.com. 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
18. Birks, J. (2006). Birks, Jacqueline S (ed.). "Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (1): CD005593. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005593. PMC 9006343. PMID 16437532.

External links

• Media related to Leucojum vernum at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Leucojum vernum at Wikispecies