Langendorff heart

The Langendorff heart or isolated perfused heart assay is an ex vivo technique used in pharmacological and physiological research using animals and also humans.^[1] Named after the German physiologist Oskar Langendorff, this technique allows the examination of cardiac contractile strength and heart rate without the complications of an intact animal or human.^[2] After more than 100 years, this method is still being used.^[3]

Method

In the Langendorff preparation, the heart is removed from the animal's or human's body, severing the blood vessels; it is then perfused in a reverse fashion (retrograde perfusion) via the aorta, usually with a nutrient rich, oxygenated solution (e.g. Krebs–Henseleit solution or Tyrode's solution). The backwards pressure causes the aortic valve to shut, forcing the solution into the coronary vessels, which normally supply the heart tissue with blood. This feeds nutrients and oxygen to the cardiac muscle, allowing it to continue beating for several hours after its removal from the animal or human. This is a useful preparation because it allows the addition of drugs (via the perfusate) and observation of their effect on the heart without the complications involved with in vivo experimentation, such as neuronal and hormonal effects from living animal or human.^[4] This preparation also allows the organ to be digested into individual cells by adding collagenase to the perfusate. This can be done before the experiment as a technique for cell harvesting, or after the experiment to measure its effects at the cellular level.

History

The first isolated perfused heart was created using frog tissue in 1866.^[5]

References

^ Tseng CE, Miranda E, Di Donato F, Boutjdir M, Rashbaum W, Chan EK, et al. (February 1999). "mRNA and protein expression of SSA/Ro and SSB/La in human fetal cardiac myocytes cultured using a novel application of the Langendorff procedure". Pediatric Research. 45 (2): 260–269. doi:10.1203/00006450-199902000-00018. PMID 10022600.
^ Bell RM, Mocanu MM, Yellon DM (June 2011). "Retrograde heart perfusion: the Langendorff technique of isolated heart perfusion". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 50 (6): 940–50. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.02.018. PMID 21385587.
^ King DR, Hardin KM, Hoeker GS, Poelzing S (September 2022). "Reevaluating methods reporting practices to improve reproducibility: an analysis of methodological rigor for the Langendorff whole heart technique". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 323 (3): H363–H377. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00164.2022. PMC 9359653. PMID 35749719.
^ Broadley KJ (May 1979). "The Langendorff heart preparation—reappraisal of its role as a research and teaching model for coronary vasoactive drugs". Journal of Pharmacological Methods. 2 (2): 143–156. doi:10.1016/0160-5402(79)90038-X.
^ Zimmer HG (August 1998). "The Isolated Perfused Heart and Its Pioneers". News in Physiological Sciences. 13 (4): 203–210. doi:10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.4.203. PMID 11390791. S2CID 9720103.