Kitchen garden

"Kailyard" redirects here. For the grouping of Scottish literature, see Kailyard school.
"Potager" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Potager (horse). For a soup chef, see Brigade de cuisine.

Typical potager (French intensive gardening) with its traditional scarecrow in the French countryside
Walled 17th-century kitchen garden at Ham House near London, with orangery in the distance.

The traditional kitchen garden, vegetable garden, also known as a potager (from the French jardin potager) or in Scotland a kailyaird,[1] is a space separate from the rest of the residential garden – the ornamental plants and lawn areas. It is used for growing edible plants and often some medicinal plants, especially historically. The plants are grown for domestic use; though some seasonal surpluses are given away or sold, a commercial operation growing a variety of vegetables is more commonly termed a market garden (or a farm). The kitchen garden is different not only in its history, but also its functional design. It differs from an allotment in that a kitchen garden is on private land attached or very close to the dwelling. It is regarded as essential that the kitchen garden could be quickly accessed by the cook.

An herbal garden at Beernem, Belgium

Historically, most small country gardens were probably mainly or entirely used as kitchen gardens, but in large country houses the kitchen garden was a segregated area, normally rectangular and enclosed by a wall or hedge, walls being useful for training fruit trees as well as offering shelter from wind.[2] Such large examples very often included greenhouses and furnace-heated hothouses for more tender delicacies, and also flowers for display in the house; an orangery was the ultimate type. In large houses, the kitchen garden was typically placed diagonally to the rear and side of the house, not impeding the views from the front and rear facades, but still quick to access. In some cases, hardy flowers for cutting were grown outside there, rather than in the flower garden. A large country house hardly expected to buy any vegetables, herbs or fruit, and the surplus was often distributed as presents; the walled example at Croome Court in England covers seven acres,[3] and the gardens have a large "Temple Greenhouse", an orangery in the form of a Roman Temple.

A symbol of American self-sufficiency and the colonial homestead, practical kitchen gardens were the center of home life in early America. In Europe, especially Britain, the difficulties in food supply during World War II resulted in a huge, if temporary, upsurge in growing vegetables in small gardens, with much encouragement from the government Ministry of Food. In modern gardening, there has been interest in integrating the growing of food plants within a mainly ornamental garden; fruit trees and cooking herbs are the simplest and most popular expression of this.[4]

Visibility

Part of the potager du roi at Versailles, with steps for mounting the wall at bottom right.
In Gera, a baroque orangery forms the western end of the Küchengarten (kitchen garden), which is the local pleasure garden.

In large country house gardens, the walls also served to hide the kitchen garden, as "a place of base labour ... from the more polite areas", which included the often very extensive fruit gardens and orchards.[5] The gardeners were often, depending on the season, the number of guests, and the whim of the owner, expected to keep out of the main "best garden" during the fairly predictable parts of the day when the family and guests were likely to be walking in the garden, and the kitchen garden provided somewhere for them to occupy themselves at these times. Mostly, visitors were probably not expected to venture inside without leave. But some owners, from Louis XIV downwards, liked to show guests the kitchen garden, especially if they knew they had an interest. In the gardens of Versailles, the enormous potager area, not contiguous with the main gardens, had a wall that was thick enough for visitors to accompany the king in walking along the top for a better view, as on castle battlements.[6]

History

The French doctor and printer, Charles Estienne, wrote in detail about the 16th century kitchen garden in Maison Rustique; his book was largely compiled from classical authors. This practical garden was to be separated from the pleasure gardens, enclosed by a thick hedge or wall. Estienne viewed hedges as more resilient, cost effective and were easier to repair and maintain, but at least in later periods, walls seem to have been more usual; some were hot walls, with a central cavity gently heated by furnaces. Certainly walls leave more traces behind for the garden archaeologist. The hedge, Estienne says, can be planted with red and white gooseberry bushes, medlar and olive trees, woodbine, whitethorn, wild apples, brambles, and eglantiness. Lattices were woven from willow branches and every year renewed, unless made with juniper poles that had been reinforced with charred oak.

In the Middle Ages, the kitchen garden was often a separate enclosure some way away from the main house. The Covent Garden area of London got its name as the kitchen garden for Westminster Abbey, though some distance from the abbey itself. In Renaissance times, the kitchen garden was rather close to the house, but by the mid-17th-century many were being moved further away, with a service road leading to the main house.[7] At Versailles a public road needs to be crossed to reach it.

In the UK, by the 19th century, as the breeding of vegetable cultivars greatly increased, a plethora of magazines, societies and competitions in local or county fairs, supported what had become (and remains) a popular form of specialist gardening. Some gardeners concentrated on mere size, leading to monstrous (and largely tasteless) strains of vegetables such as leeks. The new allotments, small pieces of a plot of land made available by local councils or charities, often specified that only edible plants were to be grown.[8]

In the early 20th century, the city government of Poznań purchased several small plots of land that it then distributed to families with children. The families cultivated the land with seeds and fertilizer. Crops included carrots, spinach, and beans. The city government found that the plots complemented the diets of the families and looked to expand the program. Some families also grew enough to sell.[9]

Plants

Companion planting of carrots and onions

According to Estienne, of the planted crops, turnips required the most room, and planted next to these were coleworts, and a path leading to plots of sorrel, arugula, parsley, spinach, beets, and orach, then separated from the greens another path to the root vegetables, leeks, onions, garlic, carrots, and scallions, and so on for edible flowers and winter potherbs like thyme, sage, lavender, rosemary, hyssop, southern wormwood, savoury, lemon balm, basil, costmary, spikenard, chamomile, and pennyroyal.

Marigolds could grow perennially in untilled fields, and their juice and flowers were reputed to have many benefits from soothing eye irritation to relieving tooth pain. Strawberry juice and wine were rumored to have similar benefits for the eyes, and, according to Estienne, the berries themselves had "no neede of greate toile or tilling". Modern researchers continue to study whether reduced tillage improves weed control and yield for strawberry plants.[10]

Other plants found in the kitchen garden: asparagus, artichoke, sow thistle, endive, chicory, watercress, scallions, chives, parsnips, purslane, smallage, tarragon, borage, bugloss, radishes, rapeseed, skirret, poppy, mustard, cucumbers and gourds.

Citrus and melons could be part of the kitchen garden also, if the conditions of soil and climate were such as to support their growth.

Modern potager garden

At the Château de Villandry, France, the old formal flower beds have been turned over in recent decades entirely to vegetables, giving a striking, if untypical, scene.

In some modern gardens, edible plants and especially herbs are planted alongside ornamental plants. Fruit trees are one of the most common ways of doing this.[4] The goal is to make the function of providing food aesthetically pleasing.

Plants are chosen as much for their functionality as for their color and form.[11] Many are trained to grow upward. A well-designed potager can provide food as well as cut flowers and herbs for the home with very little maintenance.[4] Potagers can disguise their function of providing for a home in a wide array of forms—from the cottage garden to the formality of a knot garden.

The owner of one of the Loire chateaux in France, the Château de Villandry decided many decades ago, to recreate a French formal garden with an elaborate geometrical scheme of beds surrounded by low hedges, but planted with kitchen garden plants (more recently the garden has been extended, the new areas mostly not planted with vegetables). This striking scheme has been highly effective in turning the gardens into a tourist attraction, but is in no way historically authentic.

Vegetable garden

A small vegetable garden in May outside Austin, Texas
Borage is commonly grown in herb gardens; its flowers can be used as a garnish
Cowbridge Physic Garden, Wales
Green lettuce in a kitchen garden on stilts in Laos

A vegetable garden (also known as a vegetable patch or vegetable plot) is a garden that exists to grow vegetables and other plants useful for human consumption,[12][13] in contrast to a flower garden that exists for aesthetic purposes. It is a small-scale form of vegetable growing. A vegetable garden typically includes a compost heap, and several plots or divided areas of land, intended to grow one or two types of plant in each plot. Plots may also be divided into rows with an assortment of vegetables grown in the different rows. It is usually located to the rear of a property in the back garden or back yard.[12] About a third of adults in the UK and America grow food in private or community kitchen or vegetable gardens.[14][15] In World War II, many people had a "victory garden" which provided food and thus freed resources for the war effort.[16]

With worsening economic conditions and increased interest in organic and sustainable living, many people are turning to vegetable gardening as a supplement to their family's diet. Food grown in the back yard consumes little if any fuel for shipping or maintenance, and the grower can be sure of what exactly was used to grow it.[citation needed]

The beneficial effects on the sustainability of food as well as in reducing greenhouse gas emissions related to agriculture by growing one’s own food (for example, growing food locally reduces food miles, the distance food travels, and therefore reduces the greenhouse gas emissions associated with that travel[17]) can be increased through social contagion, the process through which behaviour, emotions, or conditions spread spontaneously through a group or network. A 2019 study found evidence that the spread of vegetable gardens in urban space displays was the result of neighbors seeing vegetable gardens near them and deciding to grow their own.[18] Once enough people in a network have been influenced to grow their own vegetables, the community can reach a tipping point, in which a majority of people transition to a new habit; a 2018 study published in Nature claims that with only 25 per cent of a population adopting a behavioral change, a minority perspective was able to overturn the majority.[19]

Organic horticulture, or organic gardening, has become increasingly popular for the modern home gardener.[20]

Herb garden

See also: List of culinary herbs and spices, Herb farm, and Physic garden

The herb garden is often a separate space in the garden, devoted to growing a specific group of plants known as herbs. These gardens may be informal patches of plants, or they may be carefully designed, even to the point of arranging and clipping the plants to form specific patterns, as in a knot garden.

Herb gardens may be purely functional or they may include a blend of functional and ornamental plants. The herbs are usually used to flavour food in cooking, though they may also be used in other ways, such as discouraging pests, providing pleasant scents, or serving medicinal purposes (such as a physic garden), among others.

A kitchen garden can be created by planting different herbs in pots or containers, with the added benefit of mobility. Although not all herbs thrive in pots or containers, some herbs do better than others. Mint, a fragrant yet invasive herb, is an example of an herb that is advisable to keep in a container or it will take over the whole garden.[21][22][23]

Some surviving walled kitchen gardens

These are open to the public.[24]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Scots "kailyaird" or "kailyard", means a small cabbage patch (see kale) or kitchen garden, usually adjacent to a cottage.--Cuddon, J. A. (1977) A Dictionary of Literary Terms. London: André Deutsch; p. 343.
  2. ^ "Flower garden - History of Early American Landscape Design". heald.nga.gov. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  3. ^ BBC News (August 23, 2014), Croome Court Georgian walled garden opens for first time, BBC
  4. ^ a b c Titmarsh, Alan (January 26, 2014). "Grow your veggies in style! How to create a kitchen garden". The Express. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  5. ^ Jacques, David, Gardens of Court and Country: English Design 1630-1730, p. 62, 2017, Yale University Press, ISBN 9780300222012
  6. ^ Mukerji, Chandra, Territorial ambitions and the gardens of Versailles, pp. 64-65, 1997, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521599597, 0521599598, google books
  7. ^ Uglow, 234
  8. ^ Uglow, 193-199, and see index
  9. ^ "A German Land Ownership". The Christian Science Monitor. June 30, 1910. p. 14.
  10. ^ McDermott, Laura. "Optimizing Strawberry Production With A Reduced Tillage System" (PDF). Cornell University Cooperative Extension.
  11. ^ Hendry, Ann Marie. "How to Design a Potager Garden". growveg.co.uk. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  12. ^ a b Komar, Stephen (May 7, 2017). "Some tips as you prepare your spring vegetable garden". New Jersey Herald. njherald.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  13. ^ "Planning a vegetable garden". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  14. ^ "'Rising numbers' growing own food". BBC News. May 17, 2012.
  15. ^ "Gardening Boom: 1 in 3 American Households Grow Food". Farmer Foodshare. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  16. ^ Pack, Charles Lathrop (1919). War Gardens Victorious. J. B. Lippincott. p. 15.
  17. ^ Li, Mengyu (June 20, 2022). "Global food-miles account for nearly 20% of total food-systems emissions". Nature Food. 3 (6): 445–453. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00531-w. PMID 37118044. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
  18. ^ Shur-Ofry, Michal; Malcai, Ofer (June 17, 2019). "Collective action and social contagion: Community gardens as a case study". Regulation and Governance. 15 (1): 63–81. doi:10.1111/rego.12256. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  19. ^ Centola, Damon; Becker, Joshua; Brackbill, Devon (June 8, 2018). "Experimental evidence for tipping points in social convention". Science. 360 (6393): 1116–1119. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1116C. doi:10.1126/science.aas8827. PMID 29880688. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  20. ^ Buckland, Toby (May 6, 2016). "The beginner's guide to starting a veg garden". The Telegraph. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  21. ^ "Gardening Design". Neta Design. May 24, 2020.
  22. ^ "Mint and the Home Vegetable Garden". VegetableGardenHub.com. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  23. ^ "Gardening Guide". Sunday, March 15, 2020
  24. ^ National Trust, "Top kitchen gardens"

References

Further reading

  • Bartley, Jennifer R. (2006). Designing the New Kitchen Garden: An American Potager Handbook. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-772-6.
  • Davies, Jennifer (1987). The Victorian Kitchen Garden. London: BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-20442-8.
  • M. D. (1901) "Formation of the Fruit and Kitchen Garden", in: Thompson, Robert The Gardener's Assistant; new edition, revised ... under the direction and general editorship of William Watson. Vol. IV, pp. 1–32. London: Gresham Publishing Company.
  • Giles, Dorothy (1926). The Little Kitchen Garden. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
  • Shewell-Cooper, W. E. (1947) The A.B.C. of Vegetable Gardening London: English Universities Press (first published 1937).
  • Wilson, C. A. (ed.) (1998). The Country House Kitchen Garden 1600–1950: How Produce Was Grown and How it Was Used. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-1423-9.
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