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Khirbet Zanuta
Khirbet Zanuta (Arabic: خربة زنوتا, meaning "the ruin of Zanuta") is (or was) a Palestinian Bedouin village in the Hebron Governorate in the southern West Bank, located 20 kilometers south of Hebron. It was ethnically cleansed during the 2023 Israel-Hamas war.[3] Some farmers remained or returned and the attacks continued.[4] The location has previously been attacked in 2022.[5] Settlers destroyed the village school and most houses, and the IDF has refused to give its expelled residents permission to rebuild.[6] Neighbouring villages include ad-Dhahiriya to the northwest and Khirbet Shweika to the northwest, as well as two Israeli settlements, Teneh Omarim to the west and Shim'a to the east. The Meitarim industrial zone just to its east was built for the settlers. The village is adjacent to the Green Line.[7] The population of the village was 131 in 2017.[1] According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Khirbet Zanuta had a population of 60 in the 2007 census.[8] By 2013 it had 130 residents,[9] a large increase from 1997 when six residents were recorded.[10] The four principal families are the as-Samamera, al-Tel, al-Batat and al-Qaysiyah.[7] In 2012 the number of families registered at Zanuta was 27.[11] Agriculture is the main economic activity, employing most of the village's working residents. The total land area is approximately 12,000 dunams, of which roughly 3,000 are cultivated, mostly with field crops. Much of the remaining land area is considered "open spaces," while one dunam is classified as built-up areas.[7] Israeli authorities are pressing the residents to leave.[9] In 2024, the American media reported that the Palestinians had left Zanuta, with non-governmental organisation Breaking the Silence blaming an Israeli settler for this. HistoryPottery shards at Zanuta indicate continuous settlement since the Iron Age, and archeologist Avi Ofer has proposed an identification of the site with Dana in the fifth group of Judean cities in the south Hebron hills.[12] Some of the ruins apparently dated to Byzantine period, but there was also signs of the recent destruction of a village.[13] Byzantine pottery has been found in the village.[14] Ulrich Jasper Seetzen passed through Khirbet Zanuta (named Sanuta") in March 1809, noting: "It was 2 o'clock in the afternoon when we arrived in Zanutah. This village is the last inhabited place on this side of Hebron, and about half an hour further south the territory of the Bedouin Btei'ah tribe begins. Zanutah is a destroyed village, among the ruins of which a few Muslim farming families live in cellars and caves. There is only one house left here, which was called the mosque, although it is now used to accommodate guests, where we also left and stayed the night." The place functioned at that time as a commercial station between Hebron and Egypt; a consequence of the caravan-routes shifting inland since the Napoleonic invasion.[15][16] French explorer and amateur archaeologist Victor Guérin passed through the area in 1863, and described its ruins, which were strewn over the summit and flanks of the hill. He found:
The Survey of Western Palestine noted that in 1874 there were the remains of a "good-sized mosque" to the south of the above-mentioned building, and many caves with arches in front of their doors, as well as the remains of a "tower foundation, which was feet 30 square, with walls 3 feet thick".[18] Zanuta was a cave settlement of local peoples predating both the foundation of Israel (1948)[19] and Israel's occupation of the West Bank after the Six-Day War in 1967, and archaeological studies attest to continuous habitation at the site from the Byzantine to the Ottoman period, when it eventually dwindled to "a settlement of shepherds and fellahs living in the remains of the ancient structures and the residential caves alongside them," of families that, according to Shuli Hartman, came to the caves from the nearby town of ad-Dhahiriya in the early 20th century.[11][12] David Grossman writes it was a large cave settlement in the early 1800s.[20] When the caves became uninhabitable in the 1980s, the villagers built stone houses with tin and plastic roofs to dwell in, and kept external pens and the caves as shelters for their sheep.[21] In 2007, Zanuta residents, assisted by the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, filed a joint petition to the High Court of Justice asking that the Civil Administration provide them with a complete construction plan. As a result of the petition they received an interim order from the court.[11] In 2011, an Israeli NGO Regavim, whose objective, according to Hass is 'to protect what it calls national (Jewish) land and to demolish Palestinian structures built without a permit,'[12] revived the case, filing an amicus curiae request, at which the state of Israel then submitted a full reply to the Zanuta villagers' petition.[21] As one of a dozen villages in the South Hebron Hills, Zanuta has been slated for demolition by the IDF, and the villagers are to be expelled from Area C of the West Bank to areas under Palestinian authority (Area A or Area B). The Israeli civil administration claims that the demolition order is related to the fact that it lies directly over an archeological site recognized under the British mandate, and therefore regularisation of their village structures is ruled out. Archeologist Avi Ofer, who did his doctoral research on the area, has expressed astonishment at the extent of the area -120 dunams (30 acres), - defined as the "Zanuta archaeology site" by the Civil Administration. In his view the real site covers half or less that size.[22] To The Guardian one shepherd stated: "We have no choice but to be here, this is how we were raised and this is how we live,"... "The only thing we know how to do is raise sheep. We can only do that here.”[23] According to Amira Hass, while calling for the demolition of Palestinian villages, Israeli authorities have approved construction in Jewish settlements on more imposing archaeological sites, such as the settlement at Tel Rumeida in Hebron, or in Jerusalem itself.[22] The state declared that the military were not obliged to find a solution for the villagers, and demands that they be moved out to ad-Dhahiriya. In response to petitions by the villagers, the High Court has ruled that the state had 30 days to find a solution to the impasse either by providing permits or making appropriate arrangements for the villagers.[11][22] On 29 August 2012 the Israeli governing authority in the West Bank destroyed two cisterns, some used to catch rainfall, used by Khirbet Zanuta shepherds and farmers. Three others were destroyed at nearby Khirbet Anizat. Together they lost five sheepfolds, two tents, a tin shack and two improvised food storage sheds. According to Khirbet Zanuta residents one of the cisterns was hundreds of years old.[24] Some of the cisterns were created with the assistance of a Polish NGO.[25] Zanuta's woes began shortly after Yinon Levy set up his outpost Havata Meitarim(Meitarim Farm). The residents of the outpost then began to wrest control of most of the village's grazing lands and cisterns, while assaulting shepherds, uprooting trees and running over sheep with all-terrain vehicles.[6] On 17 November 2023, just over a month after the outbreak of the Israel-Hamas war, in the wake of 10 serious attacks on the village, Zanuta's entire population of 35 families fled the village fearing for their children's lives and their flocks.[6] In December 2023, it was reported that ten homes and a school had been demolished in Khirbet Zanuta, with stars of David spray painted on the remains of the school, which had been constructed using European Union funds. The destruction was described by EU representatives as a violation of international humanitarian law.[26] The demolitions followed prolonged threats from armed Israeli settlers who reside in nearby illegal settlements.[27]  In 2024, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom sanctioned Israeli settler Yinon Levy, who set up residence near Zanuta, for violence against Palestinians. The New York Times has described the illegal settlement Levi constructed in 2021 and now owns, Meitarim Farm, as 'a base of operations for settler attacks',[28] Levy denied the charge.[29][30] Levy responded that he wanted to make sure that the lands in the area "remain under Jewish ownership … When there is a Jewish presence, then there is no Arab presence. […] when the bad people are against you, you must be doing something right."[29] BBC News reported in March 2024 that Zanuta is "deserted", with Israeli settlers here claiming to be "scared" due to "attacks by Palestinians", however BBC notes that "it's Palestinians who are leaving" the area.[29] NPR similarly reported that month that Zanuta was "abandoned" by the Palestinians despite previously having a population of 250.[30] Breaking the Silence deputy director Nadav Weiman, an Israeli special forces veteran, accused the bulldozer-owning Yinon Levy / Yinon Levi of being the sole culprit behind the emptying of Zanuta, with Weiman referring to Zanuta's bulldozed school: "Why demolish the school? ... Because you want families to feel they are not safe here. With no school, the kids cannot return. And if you don't have kids, you don't have life."[29][30] The UK in October 2024 characterized the Meitarim outpost as one of several which were “involved in facilitating, inciting, promoting or providing support for activity that amounts to a serious abuse of the right of Palestinians not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”[31]  The villagers petitioned the Israeli High Court of Justice which, in July 2024, ruled that the state must allow the villagers to return and protect both them and their property.[32] In response, the state requested a delay in the implementation of the court's decision and, in the meantime, 90% of what remained of the village was torn down, including the last remaining 40 olive trees. The military Civil Administration has refused them permission to spread tent covers over the ruins to allow some protection from the sun.[6] Some animals remained in their pens after the devastation, with their owners sheltering in the ruins. In early September 2024, the Israeli Civil Administration arrived and confiscated the fencing used for the pens.[6] Notes
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