Karluk languages

Karluk
Karluk
Qarluq, Southeastern Turkic, Turkestan Turkic
Geographic; distribution	Central Asia
Linguistic classification	Turkic Common Turkic Karluk; ;
Early forms	Middle Turkic Karakhanid Khorezmian Turkic Chagatai ; ; ;
Subdivisions	Western Karluk (Uzbek); Eastern Karluk (Uyghur);
Language codes
Glottolog	uygh1241
	Uzbek Uyghur Ili

The Karluk or Qarluq languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family that developed from the varieties once spoken by Karluks.^[1]

Many Middle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of the Chagatai Khanate was the Chagatai language.

Classification

Uzbek – spoken by the Uzbeks; approximately 44 million speakers ^[3]
Uyghur – spoken by the Uyghurs; approximately 8–11 million speakers ^[4]
Ili Turki – moribund language spoken by Ili Turks, who are legally recognized as a subgroup of Uzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980)
Chagatai – extinct language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia and remained the shared literary language there until the early 20th century.
Karakhanid – literary language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate that is considered a standard form of Middle Turkic.^[5]
Khorezmian Turkic – literary language of the Golden Horde that is considered a preliminary stage of the Chagatai language.

Proto-Turkic	Common Turkic	Karluk	Western	Uzbek
			Eastern	Uyghur Ili Turki Äynu
			Old	Chagatai † Khorezmian Turkic † Karakhanid †

Glottolog v.5.0 refers to the Karluk languages as "Turkestan Turkic" and classifies them as follows:^[6]

Turkestan

Chagatai

Modern Turkestan

Uyghuric

Uzbek

^ Austin, Peter (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9.
^ McChesney, R. D. (14 July 2014). Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480-1889. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6196-5.
^ Uzbek at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ "Uyghur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Glottlog 5.0 places this with Old Turkic.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Karluk languages". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.