Kagwahiva language

Kawahíva
Kawahíva
Tupi–Guarani subgroup VI
Kawahib
Native to	Brazil
Region	Mato Grosso and Rondônia
Ethnicity	(see varieties below)
Native speakers	870 (2000–2006)
Language family	Tupian Tupí–Guaraní Kawahib Kawahíva; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; pah – Tenharim–Parintintín; urz – Uru-eu-wau-wau; kuq – Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo); jua – Júma; xmo – Morerebi; tkf – ? Tukumanféd (unattested); wir – Wiraféd; paf – Paranawát; adw – Amondawa; api – Apiacá
Glottolog	tupi1280

Kawahíva (Kawahíb, Kagwahib) is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster of Brazil. The major variety is Tenharim.

The Tenharim (self-designation, Pyri 'near, together'), Parintintín, Jiahúi, Amondawa, Karipúna (not to be confused with neither the Panoan group, nor the Carib-based creole spoken in the state of Amapá, which all have the same name), Uru-eu-wau-wau (self-designation, Jupaú), Júma, Piripkúra, and Capivarí all call themselves Kawahíva. Their speech is mutually intelligible, and also similar with other languages now extinct. The closest Tupí-Guaraní language seems to be Apiaká,^[2] spoken in Mato Grosso.

Varieties

There are different internal classifications of the pan-Kawahíwa, which differ in, e.g., whether Kayabí and Apiaká should be included as part of the dialectal cluster. The one listed in Aguilar (2013, 2018) follows:^[3]^[4]

Kawahíwa
- Northern
  - Parintintin [pt]
  - Tenharim [pt]
  - Diahói [pt]
  - Juma [pt]
- Southern
  - Jupaú (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau [pt])
  - Amondawa [pt]
  - Karipuna [pt]
  - Apiaká
  - Kayabí (Kawaiwete)
  - Piripkura [pt]
  - isolated groups

Languages spoken in north-central Rondônia are Karipúna, Uru-eu-wau-wau (Jupaú), Amondawa, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups. Languages spoken in northeastern Mato Grosso and southern Pará are Apiaká, Kayabí, Piripkúra, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups.

Phonology

Tenharim dialect

Phonemic inventory of the Tenharim/Uruewawau dialect:^[5]

Vowels
	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
Mid	e ẽ		o õ
Low		a ã

/a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃] in unstressed syllables.

Consonants
	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	labial	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Stop/Affricate	p	t	t͡ʃ	k	kʷ	ʔ
Fricative	β					h
Rhotic		ɾ

/ɲ/ can be heard as [j] when in unstressed positions.
/β/ can also be heard as [w] in the Uruewawau dialect.

Júma dialect

Phonemic inventory of the Júma dialect:^[6]

Vowels
	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
Mid	ɛ ɛ̃		ɔ ɔ̃
Low		a ã

Consonants
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Stop	voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
Stop	voiced				ɡ
Fricative						h
Approximant				j	w
Rhotic			ɾ

References

^ Tenharim–Parintintín at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Uru-eu-wau-wau at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Júma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Morerebi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
^ Aguilar, Ana Maria Gouveia Cavalcanti (2018). "Kawahíwa como uma unidade linguística". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica (in Portuguese). 9 (1): 139–161. doi:10.26512/rbla.v9i1.19529.
^ Aguilar, A. M. G. C. 2013. Contribuições Etnolinguísticas e Histórico-Comparativas para os estudos sobre os povos e as línguas Kawahíwa. Tese (Exame de Qualificação de Doutorado), PPGL/UnB.
^ Sampaio, Wany Bernadete de Araujo (1997). Estudo comparativo sincrônico entre o Parintintin (Tenharim) e o Uru-eu-uau-uau (Amondava): contribuições para uma revisão na classificação das línguas Tupi-Kawahib. Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
^ Abrahamson, Arne & Joyce (1984). Os fonemas da língua júma. In Robert A. Dooley (ed.), Estudos sobre línguas tupí do Brasil: Brasília: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 157–174.

External links

Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Tenharim". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Júma". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.